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Social Psy 240 > CH 1: Introducing Social Psychology > Flashcards

CH 1: Introducing Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Psychology?

A
  • It studies how people think about, influence, & relate to eachother & how situations influence us
  • Social thinking, influence, & relations
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2
Q

Is Social Psychology a young science?

A
  • Yes bc textbooks didn’t come about until the 1900s
  • And experiments occurred a bit more than a century ago
  • It didn’t assume its current form until the 1930s
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3
Q

What are the 3 main ideas in Social Thinking?

A
  • We construct our social reality
  • Our social intuitions are powerful/ perilous (dangerous)
  • Attitudes shape & are shaped by behavior
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4
Q

What are the 2 main ideas in Social Influences?

A
  • They shape behavior

- Dispositions/frame of mind shape behavior

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5
Q

What are the 2 main ideas in Social Relations?

A
  • Social behavior is also biological behavior

- Feelings & actions towards others are negative or positive

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6
Q

What is routinely powerful & perilous?

A

-Our intuitions & unconscious information

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7
Q

What influences behavior?

A

-Attitudes & personality

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8
Q

How do we get to understand social behavior?

A

-We must consider biological & social influences (under the skin & between skin)

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9
Q

What kind of creatures are we?

A

We are bio-social-psychological creatures

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10
Q

What else is Social Psychology?

A

-A set of strategies for answering questions

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11
Q

What are the 2 general ways that values enter Psychological research?

A

-Obvious & subtle

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12
Q

What are the 4 obvious ways that values enter psychological research?

A
  • When researchers choose their topic= reflects what’s going on during the time (racism, gender, are more frequent during this time)
  • Cultural influence
  • types of people who are attracted to various disciplines
  • Plays the part as the object of social psychological analysis
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13
Q

What are the 4 subtle ways that values enter psychological research?

A
  • influencing our idea of how best to live
  • when professionals are giving advice
  • when forming research-based concepts
  • the specific label we use (cautious vs observer)
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14
Q

What are Social Representations?

A

-The stock of beliefs, values, ideas, metaphors, & practices that are shared among members of the community

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15
Q

What is argued about Progressive Social Psychologists?

A

-They sometimes subtly discriminate against conservative views= denying group differences & assuming stereotypes of group difference are not rooted in reality

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16
Q

Why do people construct their social world & try to explain behavior?

A

-To make it seem orderly, controllable & predictable

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17
Q

What is Social Neuroscience?

A

-It is an integration of biology & social perspectives that explore the neural psychological basis of social behavior

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18
Q

What are values?

A

-They are personal convictions about what is right & how people should behave

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19
Q

What is culture composed of?

A

-Traditions, ideas & attitudes

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20
Q

What are the 2 contradictory criticisms of Social Psychology?

A
  • It is trivial bc the documents are

- It is dangerous bc its findings can be used to manipulate people

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21
Q

What is the problem with Common Sense?

A

-We invoke it after we know the facts

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22
Q

What is Hindsight Bias?

A
  • AKA “I knew it all along phenomenon”
  • It is the pervasive tendency that we have to overestimate our ability to predict an outcome that could not have possibly been predicted
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23
Q

What 2 things combine to create the Hindsight Bias?

A

-Errors w/ judging the predictability of the future & remembering our past

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24
Q

What are the consequences of the Hindsight Bias?

A
  • It is conductive to arrogance
  • We are also more likely to blame decision-makers & ourselves for making “obviously” bad choices vs praising them for good ones
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25
Q

What is Common Sense really?

A

-Common sense is usually right after the events we experience=we become wiser

26
Q

What is a Theory?

A
  • They are a scientific shorthand of an integrated set of principles that are used to explain & predict events
  • They are also ideas that summarize & explain facts & imply hypothesis
27
Q

What is Culture Transmission?

A

-Ideas, behaviors, & traditions shared by a community that are passed down from one generation to another

28
Q

What are the 3 major purposes of a Hypothesis?

A
  • Test a theory by suggesting how we might falsify it
  • give direction to research
  • Predictive features of good theories make them practical
29
Q

What are Facts?

A

-They are agreed-upon statements that we observe

30
Q

What does a good Theory consist of?

A
  • It effectively summarizes many observations
  • It also makes clear predictions= used to confirm/modify theory, generate new research
  • Suggest practical applications
31
Q

What kind of group would a Social Psychologist have to form if they wanted to study the whole population?

A

-They would have to take a random sample= maintaining a representative group

32
Q

What is the purpose of Random Sampling?

A

-It is a way to form a group to ensure that every person in the population studied has an equal chance of being included

33
Q

What do voting polls do?

A

-They describe the public opinion at the moment they are taken NOT predict voting

34
Q

What are the 4 potentially biasing influences when evaluating research surveys?

A
  • Unrepresentative samples
  • Question order
  • Response options
  • Question wording=making sure it’s clear & easily understandable
35
Q

What is the purpose of Framing?

A

-It is to nudge people towards beneficial decisions

36
Q

What 2 types of research can Social Psychology be?

A
  • Field research= everyday situations

- Laboratory research= controlled situation

37
Q

What are the 2 methods of research in Social Psychology?

A
  • Correlational

- Experimental

38
Q

What is Correlational research?

A
  • It is used to determine whether 2 or more factors are naturally associated= roughly predict one variable from another
  • It can also indicate a relationship BUT isn’t always cause & effect bc there may be a 3rd factor involved
39
Q

What is Experimental research?

A

-It is the manipulating one factor to see its effect on the other in a simulated reality

40
Q

What is the major advantage of Correlational research?

A

-It examines important variables in natural settings= race, gender, social status

41
Q

What is the major disadvantage of Correlational research?

A

-It can be seen as an ambiguous interpretation of cause & effect

42
Q

How are the results of Correlational research interpreted?

A
  • If both factors go up together= positive correlation

- If one factor goes up & the other goes down= negative correlation

43
Q

What is Time-Lagged correlational research?

A

-They reveal the sequence of events

44
Q

What kind of Correlational Research is able to predict cause-effect relationships?

A

-The most advanced techniques= Time-Lagged correlational research

45
Q

How can researchers remove a 3rd variable in Correlational Research?

A

-Can do so via statistics that extract the 3rd variables influence= adding a controlled variable

46
Q

What are the 2 major advantages of Experimental Research?

A
  • Random assignment

- Control

47
Q

What is the purpose of Random Assignment in Experimental Research?

A

-eliminates all extraneous factors & everyone has an equal chance of being in a group= individual qualities would be average in both groups

48
Q

What is the purpose of Control in Experimental Research?

A

-It allows the researcher to vary a variable= independent variable to help pinpoint their influence= discovering new principles

49
Q

What is the difference between Independent & Dependent variables?

A
  • Independent variables are manipulated to pinpoint their influence
  • Dependent variables are the outcome being measured in the result of manipulating variable in the experiment
50
Q

Why is the Replication of studies important?

A

-Important bc it allows other researchers to verify and confirm the results of the experiments & ensure there isn’t any fraud in data

51
Q

What type of realism DOES NOT need to be present in experiments?

A

-Mundane Realism

52
Q

What is Mundane Realism?

A
  • Type of external validity

- It is the degree that an experiment is superficially similar to everyday life

53
Q

What type of realism SHOULD an experiment have?

A

-Experimental realism

54
Q

What is Experimental Realism?

A

-It is making sure that the subject’s psychological processes are engaged fully & not play-acting/ bored

55
Q

How do we make sure Experimental Realism is present?

A
  • By deceiving the subjects into believing what they are told (making subjects believe that the other person is gonna get shocked when they really aren’t)
  • Making sure that they don’t know the researcher predictions
56
Q

How do researchers minimize Demand Characteristics?

A

-Experimenters will standardize their instructions/ use a computer to present them

57
Q

What are Demand Characteristics?

A

-Cues that “demand” certain types of behavior= experimenters words, tone of voice, gestures

58
Q

What are the 5 Ethical Principles that must be followed?

A
  • Participants must give informed consent
  • Be truthful, use deception only if necessary & justified
  • Protect participants/ bystanders from significant discomfort
  • Treat info of participants w/ confidentiality
  • Debrief participants= fully explain experiment afterward including any deception used unless feedback may be negative towards the experimenter
59
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

-A testable proposition

60
Q

What is the different between Correlational & Experimental?

A
  • Correlational looks for natural associations

- Experimental looks for causal relationships

61
Q

What do Correlational Coefficients range from?

A

from -1 to 0 then = negative correlation bc as one factor goes up the other goes down
then 0 to +1= positive correlation

Social Psy 240 (12 decks)

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