Ch 8: Enzymes Flashcards
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions
Combination of catabolic and anabolic reactions
Catabolic reactions
Reactions tha breakdown molecules to release energy
Hydrolysis reactions
Anabolic reactions
Reactions that use energy to build complex molecules
Condensation reactions
Kinetic energy
The energy associated with motion
Ex. muscle activity, light, thermal energy, etc.
Potential energy
The energy of state or position
Ex. chemical bonds
Open system
Things can enter and exit the system
Ex. the cell’s semipermeable membrane
Gibbs free energy
A way to quantify usable energy
The portion of the system’s energy that can perform work
Energy of the product - energy of the reactant
Exergonic reaction
Energy is released as the reaction proceeds to form products
Spontaneous
- Gibbs
Endergonic reaction
Energy is absorbed as the reaction proceeds
Non-spontaneous
+ GIbbs
Activation energy
Energy needed for a reaction to take place
Reaction specific
Enzyme
A specific type of protein that speeds up the reaction by lowering the Ea
Control the speed of the reaction
Properties of enzymes
- Made of proteins
- Do not change the outcome of the reaction
- Do not interfere with thermodynamics
- Interfere with kinetics
- Substances that can be recycled in the cell
- Are specific
Inhibitor
Substance that makes enzymes non-functional
Competitive inhibition
Substrate and inhibitor are competing for the same active site
Molecule with higher concentration will win
Non-competitive inhibition
Inhibitor does not interact with the substrate directly
Inhibitor binds to the allosteric site, which closes the active site
Allosteric regulation
Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetic disease without a cure Crescent shaped blood cells
Not flexible
Pointy - get stuck in blood vessels
Inadequate oxygen to some parts of the body
Hemoglobin does not properly function
Glutamic acid is substituted by a valine
FH
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Rare genetic disease caused by a nonfunctional protein
Disease in which the person has fewer LDL receptors than normal or none at all
People get heart attacks young
LDL
Low density lipoprotein
Goes to the steroid producing cells
Needs to be taken to the cell
PKU
Phenylketonuria
Rare autosomal recessive disease
Caused by a mutation in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxolase in the liver
Phenylalanine builds up because it is not converted to tyrosine
Can lead to mental deterioration
Synapse
Neuromuscular junctions
Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters to posysynaptic neuron
Chronic Depression
Chemical imbalance due to a decrease in serotonin release
Medications affect the duration of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
DIPF
Diisopropylphosphoflouridate
Muscle spasms
Ways to increase a reaction
Increase concentration gradient
Change medium
Introduce a catalyst
Change temperature
