Ch 8: Enzymes

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Sum of all chemical reactions

Combination of catabolic and anabolic reactions

Question 2

Catabolic reactions

Answer 2

Reactions tha breakdown molecules to release energy

Hydrolysis reactions

Question 3

Anabolic reactions

Answer 3

Reactions that use energy to build complex molecules

Condensation reactions

Question 4

Kinetic energy

Answer 4

The energy associated with motion

Ex. muscle activity, light, thermal energy, etc.

Question 5

Potential energy

Answer 5

The energy of state or position

Ex. chemical bonds

Question 6

Open system

Answer 6

Things can enter and exit the system

Ex. the cell’s semipermeable membrane

Question 7

Gibbs free energy

Answer 7

A way to quantify usable energy
The portion of the system’s energy that can perform work
Energy of the product - energy of the reactant

Question 8

Exergonic reaction

Answer 8

Energy is released as the reaction proceeds to form products
Spontaneous
- Gibbs

Question 9

Endergonic reaction

Answer 9

Energy is absorbed as the reaction proceeds
Non-spontaneous
+ GIbbs

Question 10

Activation energy

Answer 10

Energy needed for a reaction to take place

Reaction specific

Question 11

Enzyme

Answer 11

A specific type of protein that speeds up the reaction by lowering the Ea
Control the speed of the reaction

Question 12

Properties of enzymes

Answer 12

1. Made of proteins
2. Do not change the outcome of the reaction
3. Do not interfere with thermodynamics
4. Interfere with kinetics
5. Substances that can be recycled in the cell
6. Are specific

Question 13

Inhibitor

Answer 13

Substance that makes enzymes non-functional

Question 14

Competitive inhibition

Answer 14

Substrate and inhibitor are competing for the same active site
Molecule with higher concentration will win

Question 15

Non-competitive inhibition

Answer 15

Inhibitor does not interact with the substrate directly
Inhibitor binds to the allosteric site, which closes the active site
Allosteric regulation

Question 16

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 16

Genetic disease without a cure Crescent shaped blood cells
Not flexible
Pointy - get stuck in blood vessels
Inadequate oxygen to some parts of the body
Hemoglobin does not properly function
Glutamic acid is substituted by a valine

Question 17

FH

Answer 17

Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Rare genetic disease caused by a nonfunctional protein
Disease in which the person has fewer LDL receptors than normal or none at all
People get heart attacks young

Question 18

LDL

Answer 18

Low density lipoprotein
Goes to the steroid producing cells
Needs to be taken to the cell

Question 19

PKU

Answer 19

Phenylketonuria
Rare autosomal recessive disease
Caused by a mutation in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxolase in the liver
Phenylalanine builds up because it is not converted to tyrosine
Can lead to mental deterioration

Question 20

Synapse

Answer 20

Neuromuscular junctions

Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters to posysynaptic neuron

Question 21

Chronic Depression

Answer 21

Chemical imbalance due to a decrease in serotonin release

Medications affect the duration of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

Question 22

DIPF

Answer 22

Diisopropylphosphoflouridate

Muscle spasms

Question 23

Ways to increase a reaction

Answer 23

Increase concentration gradient
Change medium
Introduce a catalyst
Change temperature