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LS 2 > Ch 48: Musculoskeletal Systems > Flashcards

Ch 48: Musculoskeletal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary movements

Striated

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary beating of the heart - myogenic
Cells are electrically couples
Striated
Resistant to tearing and intense pressure
Action potential spreads fast

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3
Q

Myofibrils

A

Highly ordered assemblages of myosin and actin filaments

In muscle fibers

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4
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

Actin monomers + tropomyosin + troponin

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5
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

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6
Q

Motor unit

A

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it synapses with

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7
Q

Muscle membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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8
Q

Muscle cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

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9
Q

Troponin

A

Binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium

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10
Q

Muscle endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse of neuron to muscle

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12
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Covers myosin binding points on the actin filament

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13
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATP + H2O –> ADP +Phosphate + Energy

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14
Q

Glycolytic system

A

Metabolism of glucose through enzymes
Available through the cytoplasm of the cell
Fast reaction
Harvesting of carbs

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15
Q

Power stroke

A

When the phosphate group falls off the myosin head, causing a large change in myosin conformation
Allows the filaments to slide past each other

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16
Q

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

A 
Have a lot of mitochondria
Use the oxidative system
Contain myoglobin and blood vessels
Low maximum tension but high resistance to fatigue
Ex. hamstrings
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17
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers

A

Use the glycolytic system
High maximum tension but low resistance to fatigue
Good for short-term work
Ex. biceps

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18
Q

Noreponephrine

A

Accelerates heart rate
Inhibits smooth muscles
Released by the sympathetic nervous system
Neurotransmitter

19
Q

Smooth muscle

A 
Involuntary movement of internal organs
Cells are arranged in sheets
Long, spindle shaped
Provide contractile force for most internal organs
Stretch causes action potential
20
Q

Immediate system

A

Uses pre-formed ATP and creatine phosphate

Available immediately

21
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Fresh, new bone cells
Follows the osteoclasts and lays down the new bone material
Build up new bone

22
Q

Osteocytes

A

Thick extracellular matrix layer

23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Dig the bone
Release calcium and minerals from the bone
Break down old bone

24
Q

Oxidative system

A

Slow metabolism
Depends on mitochondria and oxygen
Takes time
The complete burning system of the muscle

25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Inhibits heart rate
Stimulates smooth muscle
Released by the parasympathetic nervous system

26
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Liquid inside the body works with the muscles to provide movement

27
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Skeleton is outside the body
When the body grows, the animal must molt, leaving it vulnerable
Provides good protection

28
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Provides support

Allows the rest of the body to grow together

29
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone density

30
Q

Joints

A

Where two or more bones come together

31
Q

Ligaments

A

Hold bones together at joints

32
Q

Tendons

A

Join muscles to bone

33
Q

Flexor

A

The muscle that bends the joint

34
Q

Extensor

A

The muscle that straightens the joint

35
Q

Gap junctions

A

Connect the cardiac cells together

Allow the free flow of ions

36
Q

Striated

A

Stripes
Skeletal muscles
In the sarcomeres

37
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest unit of contraction

Found in skeletal muscles

38
Q

Z line

A

Beginning to end of sarcomere

39
Q

A band

A

Length of thick filament + overlap

40
Q

H zone

A

Length of thick filament without overlap

41
Q

I band

A

Thin filament only

42
Q

M band

A

“midline”

Lind down the center

43
Q

DHP receptor

A

…

44
Q

Ryanodine receptor

A

…

LS 2 (14 decks)

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