Ch 40: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Cardiovascular/Circulatory System

Answer 1

Heart + blood vessels

Blood vessels transport blood that contains O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste

Question 2

Lymphatic/Immune System

Answer 2

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Attacks foreign substances in the body

Question 3

Respiratory System

Answer 3

Gas exchange - intake of CO2, outtake of CO

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Question 4

Digestive System

Answer 4

Breaks down food into absorbable units

Question 5

Urinary/Excretory System

Answer 5

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Question 6

Testes

Answer 6

Produce sperm and male sex hormones

Question 7

Ovaries

Answer 7

Produce eggs and female sex hormones

Question 8

Epithelial tissues

Answer 8

Sheets of densely packed, tightly connected cells
Creates boundaries between the inside and outside of the body
Transports, filters, and secretes substances
Location: surfaces of skin, organs, blood vessels, etc.

Question 9

Muscle tissues

Answer 9

Elongated cells that generate force and cause movement

Most abundant tissues

Question 10

Skeletal Muscles

Answer 10

Attached to bones
Responsible for body movement
Highly organized structure
Nuclei are squeezed to the side

Question 11

Cardiac muscles

Answer 11

Make up the heart
Responsible for heartbeats and blood flow
Mesh like structure allows cells to easily couple

Question 12

Smooth muscles

Answer 12

Make up walls of internal organs

Move and generate forces in these organs

Question 13

Connective tissues

Answer 13

Connect, support, bind, or separate other tissues and organs
Extracellular matrix contains protein fibers
Has collagen and elastin

Question 14

Cartilage

Answer 14

Cells that cushion joints

Provide structural support with flexibility

Question 15

Bone

Answer 15

Cells that provide support

Hardened by calcium phosphate deposition in the matrix

Question 16

Blood

Answer 16

Cells float in a very liquid extracellular matrix (blood plasma)

Question 17

Adipose

Answer 17

Cells that store energy, cushion organs, and prevent heat loss
Stores nutrients into droplets

Question 18

White adipose

Answer 18

Stores large droplets of lipids as fat
Secretes hormones and inflammatory molecules
Majority of adipose in the human body

Question 19

Brown adipose

Answer 19

Produces heat
Packed with mitochondria and blood vessels
Found primarily in the neck and collarbone

Question 20

Neural tissue

Answer 20

Neurons + glial cells

Processes info

Question 21

Neurons

Answer 21

Cells that encode and conduct info as electrical signals

Release chemical signals to targets

Question 22

Neurotransmitters

Answer 22

Chemical signals

Question 23

Glial cells

Answer 23

Provide support functions for neurons

Don’t generate electrical signals

Question 24

Homeostasis

Answer 24

The maintenance of a narrow range of stable conditions in an internal environment to allow optimal body functions despite changes in external conditions

Question 25

Effectors

Answer 25

Molecules that effect changes in the internal environment

Question 26

Set point

Answer 26

Reference point

Question 27

Error signal

Answer 27

Difference between the set point and feedback information

Question 28

Negative feedback

Answer 28

Effectors counteract error signals
Most common
Circular cycle

Question 29

Positive feedback

Answer 29

Amplification of a response
Increases deviation from a set point
Push forward until it reaches a limit
Out of control unless something else acts on it

Question 30

Feedforward information

Answer 30

Change in the set point

Requires planning

Question 31

Ectotherms

Answer 31

Organisms that rely on an external temp to determine their internal temp

Question 32

Endotherms

Answer 32

Regulate temp through internal mechanisms

Most mammals

Question 33

Heterotherms

Answer 33

A mixture of ectotherm and endotherm

Question 34

Stable temperature

Answer 34

Heat in = heat out

Question 35

Metabolism

Answer 35

Chemical reactions that break down and synthesize molecules
Cause an increase in heat
Contracting muscles and brown adipose increase this

Question 36

Exogenous pyrogens

Answer 36

Foreign substances

Ex. bacteria or viruses

Question 37

Endogenous pyrogens

Answer 37

Produced by active immune cells in response to an infection