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LS 2 > Ch 46: Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Ch 46: Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A

Actively moves Na+ out and K+ in

Pumps so that more K+ ions are inside the cell

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2
Q

Membrane potential

A

Determined by electric charges
More positive charges are outside and more negative are inside
A rapid, positive going change in charge

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3
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

When the charge of the inside of the cell drops lower than resting potential

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4
Q

Sensory system

A

Sensory cells + sensory organs + neural network

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5
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Receptors that respond to stimuli by directly or indirectly opening or closing ion channels

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6
Q

Ionotropic

A

Directly affect ion channels
Produce small and quick effects
Electro-, mechano-, and thermo-receptors

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7
Q

Metabotropic

A

Indirectly affect ion channels through messengers
Require a G-protein and second messenger
Produce large and long effects because the process is amplified
Chemo- and photo-receptors

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8
Q

Intensity of a sensation

A

Coded as the frequency of action potentials

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9
Q

Adaptation

A

Diminishing response to repeated stimulation

Enable species to ignore background conditions but remain sensitive to new stimuli

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10
Q

Taste classes

A

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami (MSD taste)

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11
Q

-Osmias

A

Disorders of smell

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12
Q

-Geusias

A

Disorders of taste

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13
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Responds to touch and pressure
Involves mechanoreceptors
Senses position and movement through the stimulation of stretch receptors in muscles and joints

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14
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Mechanoreceptors in muscles
Specialized muscle cells
Have sensory neurons wrapped around them
Stretch triggers a change in the ion channels

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15
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A 
Mechanoreceptors in joints
Sense muscle contraction
Is an inhibitor mechanism 
Responds to tendon pulls
Is a balancing point
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16
Q

Auditory system

A

Sound-perceiving system
Hair cells are the mechanoreceptors
Sounds are pressure waves that are converted into changes in resting potentials

17
Q

Stereocilia

A

Fingerlike extensions of the cell membrane

Receive cilia

18
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

Converts sound waves to vibrations

19
Q

Ossicles

A

Stapes + Incus + Malleus

“The little bones”

20
Q

Vestibular system

A

Equilibrium-maintaining system
Hair cells are the mechanoreceptors
Has 3 semicircular canals at angles to each other
Deal with balance, posture, and acceleration

21
Q

Malleus

A

“the hammer”

Directly in touch with the tympanic membrane

22
Q

Incus

A

“the anvil”

23
Q

Stapes

A

“the stirrup”

Bone that vibrates the oval window

24
Q

Cochlea

A

A tapered and coiled chamber composed of 3 parallel canals
Full of fluid
When it vibrates, there are waves
Responsible for hearing

25
Q

Oval window

A

Connects the middle ear to the inner ear

26
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Transduces pressure waves into action potentials
Changes how much chemical is released
When the stereocilia bend, the ion channel either fully opens or closes
Uses receptor potential

27
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Thick membrane that keeps the stereo cilia in place

28
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Loss of function of the tympanic membrane and/or the middle ear

29
Q

Nerve deafness

A

Damage to hair cells or auditory nerve pathways

30
Q

Otoliths

A 
"ear stones"
Calcium carbonate deposits on top of hair cells
Help bend hair cells
Translate to membrane potential
Amplify the force of gravity
Respond to process acceleration
31
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Allows the shape of the eye lens to change

32
Q

Pupil

A

Allows light to go through to get detected in the eye
Size is controlled by the iris
Contracts when there is too much light

33
Q

Lens

A

Projects the image to the back of the eye

34
Q

Fovea

A

Contains the highest concentration of sensory cells in the eye
Where the image seen is projected
Cones only
Where our highest acuity is

35
Q

Retina

A

Where photoreceptors are located

36
Q

Myopia

A

Disease where the lenses cannot adjust appropriately

Nearsighted

37
Q

Hyperopia

A

Disease where the lens adjusts too much
Image gets projected behind the fovea
Farsighted

38
Q

Rod cells

A

Highly light-sensitive cells
Black and white vision
In the dark, sodium channels are open (depolarization)

39
Q

Cone cells

A

Function at high light levels

Responsible for color vision

LS 2 (14 decks)

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