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RT 77 pathology > ch. 8 cns > Flashcards

ch. 8 cns Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system includes the ____ & ____.

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal chord

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2
Q

what are neurons

A

nerve cells

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3
Q

What is neuroglia

A

Interstitual tissue

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4
Q

The CNS is compose of

  1. ____
  2. ____
A

neurons (nerve cells)

2. Neuroglia ( Interstitual tissue)

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5
Q

what are the 3 basic components of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body (soma)
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
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6
Q

what makes up the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Brianstem ( midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
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7
Q

the brainstem connects the ____ with the spinal chord

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

_____ is an extension of the medulla oblongata

A

spinal chord

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9
Q

Describe the spinal chord

A

extension of medulla oblongata.

Extends from the foramen magnum to the 2nd / 3rd Lumbar vertebrae

Terminates with a cone shaped area called the conus medullaris

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10
Q

Spinal chord and terminates with a cone-shaped area called the ____.

A

conus medullaris

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11
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

cone shape area in which the spinal chord terminates in

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12
Q

Spinal nerves beyond the point of conus medullaris is known as ____

A

cauda equina

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13
Q

What is cauda equina

A

Spinal nerves beyond the point of conus medullaris

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14
Q

The brain and the spinal chrod are covered by the ____

A

meninges

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges

A
  1. Dura matter (outtermost layer)
  2. Arachnoid ( middle layer)
  3. Pia matter (innermost layer)
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16
Q

____ layer of the meminges is the outer most, tough and fibrous

A

dura matter

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17
Q

____ is the middle layer of the meninges and has cobweb appearance

A

arachnoid layer

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18
Q

___ is innermost layer of the meninges that adheres directly to the spinal chord and the brain

A

Pia matter

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19
Q

____ is located between the arachnoid and the pia matter

Function___

A

subarachnoid layer

Filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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20
Q

Cavities that are connected to one another in the brain are known as ____

A

ventricles

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21
Q

what are ventricles

A

Cavities that are connected to one another in the brain

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22
Q

what secretes CSF into the subarachnoid space

A

choroid plexus (housed in the ventricles )

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23
Q

What are the s4 ventricles of the the brain

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. 3rd ventricle
  3. 4th ventricle
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24
Q

Most of the brain’s blood is supplied anterioly via ___

and posterior via ___

A

Bilateral internal carotid arteries ( ant.)

bilateral vertebral arteries ( post. )

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25
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

Formed by Basilar artery and internal carotid arteries

*distributes oxygenated aterial blood through the brain

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26
Q

venous blood drains into the ____

A

jugular veins

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27
Q

what is a blood brain barrier

A

function of capillaries that protects the brain by removing waste and keeping toxins out

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28
Q

What is the primary tissue comprising the nervous system

A

neurons

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29
Q

are intervertebral disk apart of CNS

A

no but they may come in contact with it when they herniate and impinge on adjacent spinal nerves

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30
Q

Describe intervertebral disk
Function:____
Made of____

A
  1. Cushion movement of vertebral column
2. annulus fibrosus ( outer)
Nucleus pulposus ( center)
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31
Q

the pulpy center of a intervertebral disk is called _____

A

nucleus pulposus

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32
Q

Tough outer covering of an intervertebral disk is kown as ___

A

Annulus fibrosus

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33
Q

What is the modality of choice for conditions related to CNS

A

MRI

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34
Q

____ is useful in evaluating the brains of neonates

A

sonography

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35
Q

____ evaluates cranial trauma

A

radiography

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36
Q

______ useful in evaluating cerebral bleeding after trauma

A

CT

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37
Q

___ are primarily used to confirm brain death in patients

A

radionuclide brain scans

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38
Q

Vascular brain and neck study

A

cerebral angiography

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39
Q

What is meningomyelocele

Def:____
Classification:___
Pathology:____

A

Both spinal chord and meninges protrude into the skin on the back

Congenital
None

40
Q

What is meningocele

Def:
Classification:
Patholgoy:

A

Protrussion of only the meninges through the spinal column
Congenital
none

41
Q

Protrussion of only the meninges

Through the spinal column

A

meningocele

congential
none

42
Q

Both spinal chord and meninges protrude into the skin on the back

A

meningomyelocele
aka spina bifida
*most serious

congenital
none

43
Q

Protrussion of only the spinal chord

Classification
pathology

A

myeolcele

congenital
none

44
Q

what is myelocele
Def:
Classificaiton
pathology

A

Protrussion of only the spinal chord

congenital
none

45
Q

Which is most serious

  1. Meningomyelocele
  2. Meningocele
  3. Myelocele
A
  1. Meningomyelocele
46
Q

Incomplete closure of the bony neural arch in the lumbar region

A

spina bifida

47
Q

excessive CSF accumalation in the ventricles of the brain

A

hyrdrocephalus

48
Q

What is hydrocephalus

Def: 
Causes
Classification :
Pathology :
Exam to diagnose
A

Excessive CSF accumulation in the ventricles of the brain

  • 2 causes:
  • **1. Noncomunication = obstruction to flow
  • **2. Communicating= impaired absorption

Congenital
None
CT

49
Q

Name two ways that hydrocephalus can occur

A
  1. Noncommunicating= obstruction to flow

2. Communicating= imparied absorption

50
Q

artificial passageway used for hydrocephalus treatment

A

Shunt

51
Q

Inflammation of the meninges

A

Meningitis

52
Q

Define meningitis

Classification:
Pathology
Exam to diagnose

A

inflammation of the meninges

Inflammatory
none
Spinal tap

53
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis

A

bacterial infection

54
Q

Infection of brain tissue that can occur from chickenpox or influenza

A

Encephalitis

usually viral

55
Q

What is encephalitis

Exam to diagnose

A

infection of brain tissue that can occur from chichenpox and influenza

*Usually viral
MRI

56
Q

Pus within the cranium that occurs from a cranium infection

Classification
Pathology
Exam to diagnose

A

Brain abscess

Inflammatory
None
MRI

57
Q

Which condition is more serious Encephalitis or meningitis

why

A

Encephalitis because it can result in permanent neurologic disabilities

58
Q

Pus from abscess within the meningeal layers is termed ____

A

subdural empyema

59
Q

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through a weakened part of intervertebral disk that compresses spinal nerve roots

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

aka: herniated disk

60
Q

What is herniated nucleus pulposus

Classificaiton
pathology
Exam to diagnose

A

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through the a weakened part of the disk that compresses the spinal nerve roots

Degenerative
none
MRI

61
Q

where are most common locations for disk herniation

A

lower cervical (C6-C7) and lower lumbar regions (L5-S1)

62
Q

osteoarthritic changes in the neck are known as

exam

A

cervical spondylosis

Seen on oblique projection of cervical spine

X-ray

63
Q

Cervical spondylosis are seen on ____ projection of C-spine

A

oblique

64
Q

nervous system Disease degernates the myelin sheath and white matter impairing nerve conduction

Classification
Pathology
Exam to diagnose

A

Multiple sclerosis

Degenerative
None
MRI

65
Q

Define Multiple sclerosis

A

Disease of the nervous system that degenerates the myelin sheath and white matter impairing nerve conduction

66
Q

Cerebral Vascular Accident is commonly referred to as a _____

Classification
pathology

A

stroke

Classified in 2 ways:
Ischemic( blood vessel blocked by blood clot)
Hemmorrhagic = rupture of weakened blood vessel in the brain that leads to bleeding into other structures

Degenerative
None

67
Q

Which type of stroke has a more sudden onset

A

hemorragic

= rupture of weakened blood vessel in the brain which causes bleeding into other structures

68
Q

why are ischemic strokes dangerous

A

because it causes block to blood flow and cause vessel occlusion

69
Q

Name the 2 ways an ischemic stroke can occur

A
  1. Infarction= Cerebral artery blood clot

2. Embolism to the brain caused by a blood clot formed elsewhere in the body

70
Q

blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel

A

thrombus

71
Q

mass in a blood vessel

A

embolism

72
Q

Term for small vessel disease

A

lacunar infarction (type of thrombosis)

73
Q

What is TIA

A

Transient Ischemic attack

Temporary episode of neurologic dysfunction

74
Q

Temporary episode of neurologic dysfunction

A

TIA

transient ischemic attack

75
Q

What causes a hemorrhagic stoke

A

weakening in the vessel wall due to ateriosclerosis from hypertension

76
Q

Name the 2 types of hemorragic stroke

A
  1. subarachnoid area ( most common)

2. Intracerebral

77
Q

When diagnosing brain tumors primary vs metastatic, need to first consider what two factos

A
  1. Site of neoplasm

2. age of patient

78
Q

Classification of primary brain tumors depends on which 2 factors?

A
  1. Site

2. Histologic composition

79
Q

Two categories of brain tumors based on histologic type are __ & ____.

A

Glial and nonglial neoplasms

80
Q

___ generate from the supporting tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

A

glial tumors

81
Q

What is a glioma

Classification
pathology

A

most common type of brain tumor

Neoplastic
None

82
Q

what is the most common type of brain tumor

A

glioma

neoplastic
none

83
Q

BRAIN Tumors that are highly malignant and occur in young people

Classification:
Pathology

A

medulloblastoma

neoplastic
none

84
Q

benign tumor that is slow growing and arises from the acrachnoid tissue

classification
pathology

A

meningioma

neoplastic
none

85
Q

what is a meningioma
classification
pathology
exam

A

benign tumor of the membranes that cover the spinal cord and brain.
*slow growing and arises from the acrachnoid tissue

neoplastic
none
CT

86
Q

what is the most common nonglial tumor

A

meningioma

87
Q

skull thickness surrounding a tumor indicates which tumor

A

meningioma

88
Q

benign tumor of pituitary gland
Classification
Pathology
Exam

A

pituitary adenoma

Neoplastic
None
CT

89
Q

define pituitary adenoma

Classification

pathology

A

benign tumor of the pituitary gland

neoplastic
none

90
Q

radiographic appearance in which there is an enlargment and erosion of the selle turcica is ____

A

pituitary adenoma

91
Q

pituitary adenomas may grow out of the ____

A

selle turcica

92
Q

If a pituitary adenoma develops before puberty it can result in_____

A

gigantism

93
Q

if a pituitary adenoma develops in adults it results in _____

A

acromegaly

94
Q

anatomic landmark composed of the middle cerebral artery and its branches

A

sylvian triangle

95
Q

define sylvian triangle

A

anatomic landmark composed of the middle cerebral artery and its branches.

96
Q

generative brain disorder in which proteins fold upon each other and start to deteriorate the brain

A

creutzfeldt-jacob disease

RT 77 pathology (13 decks)

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