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RT 77 pathology > Ch. 7 Urinary system > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

What is the function of the urinary system

A

Forms urine and removes waste in the bloodstream by excretion.

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3
Q

Where is urine formed

Where is it stored?

A
  1. in the kidneys

2. In the bladder

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4
Q

Area where the structures enter and leave the kidney is known as _____

What are the structures

  1. ____
  2. ____
  3. ____-
A

Hilius

  1. renal artery and vein
  2. lymphatics
  3. nerve plexus
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5
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal

@ the level of T12 & L3

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6
Q

____ is the functional unit of a kidney that is responsible for forming and excreting urine.

A

Nephron

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7
Q

What is a nephron

A

Unit within the kidney that forms and excretes urine.

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8
Q

What is the nephron unit composed of

A
  1. Glomerulus ( Ball like cluster of specialized capillaries)
  2. Bowman’s Capsule
  3. Convoluted tubes
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9
Q

Ball like cluster of specialized capillaries is known as _____

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

Describe the renal collecting system

A
  1. Blood is filtered (cleaned) in the glomerulus
  2. Fluid then moves our of it and into the Bowman’s capsule
  3. Fluid then flows to the convoluted tubes
    = URINE IS PRODUCED
  4. Nephron unit ends into a “Colllecting tube” that opens into the renal papilla
  5. then the minor calyce
  6. then to major calyces
  7. Terminates to renal pelvis
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11
Q

Describe the ureters

  1. Where are they
  2. Function
A
  • Extend from kidney to bladder (posteriolaterally)
  • 10” long
  • Drain urine from kidney to bladder
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12
Q

Describe the bladder

  1. Where is it?
  2. Function?
A
  1. muscular sac that is capable of distension and is posterior to pubic symphysis
  2. function: Stores urine
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13
Q

_____acts a resivorior for urine before it is expelled from the body

A

bladder

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14
Q

____ Drain urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

Ureters

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15
Q

Superior portion of bladder

A

dome

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16
Q

Tube that leads from the urniary bladder to the exterior of body is known as ____

A

urethra

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17
Q

What is the urethra

A

tube leading from urinary bladder to the outside of body

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18
Q

What are the most common laboratory test conducted prior to IV contrast to ensure a patient does not go into renal failure ?

A
  1. Creatinine

2. BUN

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19
Q

Waste product derived form a breakdown of component found in muscle tissue

A

creatinine

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20
Q

what doe GU stand for

A

gentioruniary

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21
Q

What purpose does a a scout KUB serve

A
  1. To ensure bowel preparation

2. to view kidney structures that may not show with contrast

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22
Q
  1. What is IVU

2. Idication

A
  1. Intravenous urography aka IVP
    * Series of timed images to examine the urinary system
  • 1st image after bolus injection = nephrogram phase
  • Last image= Post void KUB
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23
Q

Series of timed images to visualize the urinary system

A

IVU ( Intravenous urography)

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24
Q

Term for image taken right after injection of contrast for IVU

A

Nephrogram phase

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25
Q

What is the final step in a IVU exam

A

Post void KUB

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26
Q

Obstruction of urinary system that causes dilation of renal pelvis and calyces

Classification
Pathology

A

Hydronephrosis

Degenerative
Additive

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27
Q

Define hydronephrosis

Classification

Pathology

A

Obstruction of urinary system that causes dilation of renal pelvis and calyces

Degenerative
Additive

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28
Q

IVP is another name to which exam

A

IVU intravenous urography

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29
Q

Most common exam for studying the LOWER urinary tract?

A

Cystography

performed retrograde

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30
Q

Describe cystography

  1. What is it
  2. Indication for exam
A
  • most common exam for LOWER urinary system
  • contrast injected with catheter into the urethra and into bladder via retrograde

*Indication= VUR
vesicoureteral reflux
( flow of urine back up the ureters)

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31
Q

What exam is used when there is indication of Vesicoureteral reflux

A

cystography

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32
Q

Flow of urine back up the ureters due to an incompetent ureteral valve

classification
Pathology

exam

radiographic appearance

A

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Congenital
none

cystography

bladder trabeculae

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33
Q

Define vesicoureteral reflux

A

Flow of urine back up the ureters due to an incompetent ureteral valve

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34
Q

micturition is medical term for _____

A

voiding

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35
Q

what is the medical term for voiding

A

micturition

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36
Q
  1. what does VCUG stand for
  2. What is it
  3. Indication
A
  1. Voiding Cystourethrography
  2. Exam done in combo with cystography that examines the urethra while voiding
  3. VUR
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37
Q

What is the difference between antegrade vs retrograde urethrography

A

Antegrade: Used to study the female urethra
-Used to show the contrast goes into the kidneys and down into the bladder

Retrograde:
*AKA retrograde urethrogram (RUG)
used to study distal urethra in males

-Shows the contrast goes up through the urethra, into the bladder

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38
Q

method of choice when looking at urethral trauma in males

A

RUG

retrograde urethrogram

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39
Q

Which exam is performed by a urologist during a cystoscopy

why is it performed?

A

retrograde pyelography

to examine the renal collecting system

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40
Q

What is the imaging modality of choice for most renal disorders

A

sonography

41
Q

One of the most invasive urinary procedures performed is known as ____

A

renal angiography

image the vasculature of kidney(s)

42
Q

antegrade study that involves contrast that is injected directly into the renal pelvis

A

percutaneous nephrostography

43
Q

method that uses high frequency shockwaves to disintergrate a stone (calculi) into smaller fragments

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL)

44
Q

What is the purpose of a nephrostomy tube

A

allows for drainage when the normal flow of urine is inhibited through the urinary system

45
Q

_____ connects the renal pelvis to the outside of the body

A

nephrostomy tube

used when normal flow of urine is inhibited through the urinary system

46
Q

allows for wider opening of the ureter

A

ureteral stent
(upper portion in renal pelvis and lower portion in the bladder)

  • Placed surgically or cytoscopy
47
Q

Describe the Foley catheter

A

Indwelling catheter that is placed in the bladder using sterile technique and is kept in place with an inflated balloon.
*used for cstyography for contrast

Usually connected to a urine bag that must be placed lower than the bladder to prevent reflux

  • should always be kept @ levels below the bladder to prevent UTI
48
Q

name one way a UTI is caused

A

when urine flows back into the bladder , opposite than normal flow.

49
Q

____ is used for patients who require long term catheterization of the bladder.

A

suprapubic catheter

50
Q 
1. What is renal agenesis
 AKA\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. Classification 
Pathology
3. Exam to diagnose
A

aka: aplasia
missing kidney on one side while there is an enlargement of kidney on the other side

  1. Congenital
    None
    3.Ultrasound
51
Q

missing of both kidney

A

potter syndrome

aka bilateral agenesis

leads to death

52
Q

missing kidney on one side while there is an enlargement of kidney on the other side

Classification:
Pathology
Exam to diagnose

A

renal agnesis aka aplasia

congenital
None
sonography

53
Q

presence of an undeveloped third small kidney

Classification
Pathology

A

supernumerary kidney

congenital
None

54
Q

What is a supernumerary kidney
Classification
Pathology

A

presence of an undeveloped third small kidney

congenital
None

55
Q

what is hypoplasia

Classification
pathology
associated with _____

A

kidney that is smaller than normal size but with normal nephrons

Congenital
None
Hypotension

56
Q
  1. what is hypoplasia
  2. Classification
    pathology
  3. associated with _____
A

kidney that is smaller than normal size but with normal nephrons

  1. Congenital
    None
  2. hypertension
57
Q

over development of a kidney

calssification
pathology

A

hperplasia

Congenital
None

58
Q

1.what is horsehoe kidney

  1. Classification
    Pathology
A

fusion of a both kidneys

  1. Congenital
    None
59
Q

What is the most common fusion anamaly

Classification
Pathology

A

horseshoe kidney

“renal poles are touching”

Congenital
None

60
Q

fusion in which there are 2 kidneys on one side , one inferior to the other
while the ureter crosses the mid-line to connect to the bladder.

Classification
Pathology

A

crossed ectopy

second most common anaomly
Congenital
None

61
Q

what is the second most common fusion anamoly

Classification
Pathology

A

crossed ectopy
( One kidney is fused to the other as it lies across the mid-line of the body )

Congenital
None

62
Q

incomplete or excessive rotation of kidney while in ureto

Classification
Pathology

A

malrotation

congenital
None

63
Q

Define malrotation

A

rotation of kidney while on ureto

64
Q

Kidneys that are out of position and located in the pelvic or sacral region are known as _____

classification
pathology

A

Ectopic kidney

congenital
none

65
Q

what is an ectopic kidney
Classification
Pathology

A

Kidneys that are out of position and located in the pelvic or sacral region

Congenital
None

66
Q

kidney that drops towards the pelvis while in an erect position

Classification
pathology

A

kidney prolaspe

aka : nephroptosis

Congenital
none

67
Q

what is nephroptosis

A

kidney that drops towards the pelvis while in an erect position

68
Q

ureter that has a cyst like appearance near the opening into the bladder

Classification
Pathology

A

ureterocele

Radiographic appearance = cobra head

Congenital
None

69
Q

1.What is a ureterocele

  1. Classification
    Pathology
  2. Radiographic appearance
A

1.ureter that has a cyst like appearance near the opening into the bladder (cobra head)

  1. Congenital
    None
  2. Cobra head
70
Q

outpouch of the ureter

Classification
Pathology

A

ureteral diverticula

Congenital
Additive

71
Q

1.What is a ureteral diverticula
2. Classification
Pathology
3. exam to diagnose

A
  1. dilated or branched out pouch of the ureter
  2. Congenital
    Additive
  3. retrograde urography
72
Q

sacs or outpouching of the bladder is known

Classification
Pathology
Exam to diagnose

A

bladder diverticula

congenital
None

exam: cystography

73
Q

the condition in which there are many tiny cyst in the nephron unit

Exam

Classification
Pathology

A

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

autosomal dominant= most common

Exam: CT

congenital
Subtractive

74
Q

Most common bacterial infection

Classification
Pathology

A

UTI

Inflammatory
None

75
Q

What is the most common renal disease

Classification
Pathology

A

pyelonephritis

=bacterial infection of the pelvis and calyces

Inflammatory
None

76
Q

what is acute pyelonephritis

classification
Pathology

A

most common renal disease in which there is a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and calyces

Inflammatory
None

77
Q

What is cystitis

classificaiton
Pathology

A

inflammation of the bladder that can be acute or chronic

inflammatory
Additive

78
Q

radiographic appearance in which there is roughening of the bladder wall is known as

A

bladder trabeculae

seen in VUR
vesicoureteral reflux

79
Q

Which polycystic kidney disease is asymptomatic in childhood and clinical symptoms appear in adulthood

A

autosomal dominant

80
Q

Most common renal disease
Classification
Pathology

A

pyelonephritis
=bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and caylaces
Congenital
None

81
Q

inflammation of the bladder that can be acute or chronic

Classification
pathology

A

cystitis

inflammatory
Additive

82
Q

thickening that occurs in the small vessels of kidneys

A

nephrosclerosis

83
Q

What is neprhosclerosis

A

thickening that occurs in the kidneys small vessels

84
Q

most stones are formed in the ____ or ____.

A

Caylaces or renal pelvis

85
Q

A large calculus that shapes into the renal pelvis caylaces is known as

Classification
Pathology
exam to diagnose

A

staghorn pelvis
Inflammatory
Additive
exam: spiral CT “stone study”

86
Q

the most common place for a calculus to lodge and cause an obstruction is known as the ____

A

uretovesical junction

87
Q

severe pain caused by movement of the stone

A

renal colic

88
Q

_____ is a characteristic of renal failure

A

uremia

urea in the blood

89
Q

lack of kidney function

Classification
Pathology

A

kidney failure

Degenerative
None

90
Q

obstructive disorder in which the renal pelvis and caylaces become dilated with urine
Classification
Pathology

EXAM:

A

hydronphrosis

Caused by calculus
Degenerative
Additive

Sonography

91
Q

CT “stone study” is used to examine which pathology

Classification:

Pathology

A

staghorn calculi

Inflammatory

Additive

92
Q

hyrdronephrosis can lead to ____

A

ischemia

93
Q

most common malignant tumor of kidney

Where does it arise from

A

renal cell carcinoma

= adenocarcinoma that arises from the convoluted tube

94
Q

adenocarcinoma that arises from the convoluted tube

A

renal cell carcinoma

95
Q 
wilm's tumor is known as \_\_\_\_
Exam to diagnose\_\_\_\_
what is it
classification 
pathology
A

nephroblastoma

kidney tumor in children before the age of 5

Sonography

neoplastic
neither additive nor subtractive

96
Q

____ is the method of choice for investigation of bladder carcinoma

whereas diagnosis is made from ____

Classification
Pathology

A
  1. cystoscopy
  2. biopsy

Neoplastic
Neither additive nor subtractive

97
Q

tiny deposits of calcium phosphate dispursed through the renal parenchyma caused by disturbance in calcium metabolism

A

nephrocalcinosis

additive

98
Q

difference between ectopic kidney and kidney prolapse

and how to distinguish between them

A

ectopic kidney is a kindey that is misplaced and located in the pelvic or sacral region where as a kidney prolapse is a mobile kidney that falls into the pelvic area when erect.

can be distinguished by the size of the ureter. A short ureter = ectopic kidney

RT 77 pathology (13 decks)

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