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RT 77 pathology > CH. 1 Intro. into pathology > Flashcards

CH. 1 Intro. into pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathology

A

the study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

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2
Q

______ is the study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

A

Pathology

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3
Q

Why is pathology important in radiography

A

It is important to know different pathology to know when to increase or decrease exposure techniques to produce high quality radiographs

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4
Q

Define disease

A

Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of human body that may display a variety of manifestations.

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5
Q

____ is defined as Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of human body that may display a variety of manifestations.

A

Disease

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6
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

Development of disease

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7
Q

_____ is the term for the development of disease

A

pathogenesis

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8
Q

Define symptom

A

patient’s perception of the disease

*Subjective

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9
Q

___ is the term for the patient’s perception of the disease

A

Symptom

subjective

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10
Q

Define sign

A

objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during an examination

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11
Q

_____ is the term for objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during an

A

sign

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12
Q

Give an example of symptom vs sign

A

Symptom= Nausea

Sign= Vomiting

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13
Q

Define syndrome

A

A group of signs and symptoms : A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

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14
Q

A group of signs and symptoms : A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

A

Syndrome

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15
Q

Define etiology

A

the study of the cause and origin of disease

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16
Q

Define nonsocomial

A

Disease acquired from a health care enviornment

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17
Q

_____ is the cause and origin of disease

A

etiology

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18
Q

define latrogenic

A

any adverse condition in a patient occurring as a result of medical treatment

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19
Q

Define idiopathic

A

term for a disease that has no causative factor

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20
Q

Define acute

A

quick onset and lasting a short period of time with a severe course

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21
Q

Define chronic

A

presenting slowly and persisting over a ling period of time

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22
Q

Define diagnosis

A

the name of a disease and individual is believed to have

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23
Q

What is a prognosis

A

the prediction of course and outcome for a given disease

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24
Q

the prediction of course and outcome for a given disease

A

prognosis

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25
Q

____ tissue requires a decrease in exposure techniques

A

Subtractive/ lytic / destructive

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26
Q

____ tissue requires an increase in exposure techniques

A

Additive / sclerotic (hardening)

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27
Q

Define epidemiology

A

The investigation of disease in large groups

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28
Q

investigation of disease in large groups

A

epidemiology

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29
Q

Define mortality rate

A

the number of deaths from a particular disease averaged over a population

30
Q

The incidence of illness in the population sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine

A

morbidity rate

31
Q

Name 3 disease tracking organizations

A
  1. CDPH
  2. NCHS ( national center for health statistics)
  3. CDC
32
Q

Name the 5 altered cellular biology states

A
  1. Atrophy
    - decrease in cell size
  2. Hypertrophy
    - Increase in cell size
  3. Hyperplasia
    - Increase in the number of cells in a tissue
  4. Metaplasia
    - Conversion of a cell type
  5. Dysplasia
    - Abnormal tissue development in mature cells
33
Q

How are disease classified?

A
  1. Congenital and hereditary
  2. Inflammatory
  3. Degenerative
  4. Metabolic
  5. Traumatic
  6. Neoplastic
34
Q

Describe congenital disease classification

  • What is it?
  • What is it caused by?
A

disease present a birth that can result from genetic or environment factors

  • In utero
  • Caused by abnormalities of the chromosomes
35
Q

Describe hereditary disease classification

A

caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to the child through genes in chromosomes

36
Q

What is the difference between congenital and hereditary

A

Congenital differs from hereditary in the fact that it occurs in the utero and it is not passed down from parent to child through genes in chromosomes as it is with hereditary

37
Q

how many chromosomes are there

A

46 chromosomes

  • 44 autosomal
  • 2 sex chromosomes
38
Q

Describe the inflammatory disease classification

  • What are the primary causes
A

disease that results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent

Causes:

  • Allergic disease
  • Toxic diseases
  • Invasion by microorganisms
  • Autoimmune disorders
39
Q

Disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient’s own tissue

A

autoimmune disorder

40
Q

List the 4 stages of inflammation

A
  1. Alterations of blood flow and vascular permeability
  2. Migration of WBC to injured tissue
  3. Phagocytosis
    - WBC digest infecting organism
  4. Repair of injury
    - Regeneration of normal cells
41
Q

What is the difference between chronic vs acute inflammation

A

chronic: longer duration of inflammation periods

Acute: heat , redness of skin and pain

42
Q

Disease caused by a deterioration of the body

list 2 examples:

A

Degenerative disease

ex:

  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Osteroporosis
  3. Osteoarthritis
43
Q

What disease classification can be both process of age and disease that occurs following trauma

A

Degenerative disease

44
Q

List 3 factors that affect the rate of aging in the degenerative disease

A
  1. Herediary
  2. Diet
  3. Enviornmental factors
45
Q

Disease caused by the disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body

List 2 examples:

A

Metabolic disease

Ex:
1. Endocrine disorders

  1. dehydration
46
Q

The sum of all physical and chemical process in the body

A

metabolism

47
Q

Why is metabolism important

A

to maintain homeostasis

48
Q

Disease that may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the body

A

Traumatic disease

49
Q

Define neoplastic

A

new abnormal tissue growth

50
Q

study of neoplasms

A

oncology

51
Q

All tumors have 2 basic components. What are they?

A
  1. Organ tissue is made up of proliferating neoplastic cells

2. Supporting tissue is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and poss. lymphatic cells

52
Q

What is the purpose of cancer grading

A

used to assess biologic behavior and choice of treatment

53
Q

What is the difference between differentiated and undifferentiated (poorly differentiated) tumors

A

Differentiated tumors:

  • Tend to grow slow
  • Resemble cells of origin

Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated:

  • Rapid growth
  • Exhibits atypical characteristics and does not resemble cells of origin
54
Q

What is the TNM system

A

staging of cancer

T-Tumor
N-Node (lymph node involvement)
M-Metastases

55
Q

The addition of numbers to the TNM system indicated : ____

A

the extent of malignancy and increase in size or involvement of tumor

56
Q

List the cells of origin for the common word

  1. Adeno-
  2. Angio-
  3. Chondro-
  4. Fibro-
  5. Hemangio-
  6. Lipo-
  7. Myo-
  8. Neuro-
  9. Osteo-
A

Cells of origin

  1. Gland
  2. Vascular
  3. Cartilage
  4. Fibrous tissue
  5. blood vessels
  6. adipose tissue
  7. Muscle
  8. Nerve
  9. Bone
57
Q

____ neoplasms closely resemble their cells of origin in structure and function

A

benign neoplasms

  • remain localized
  • can be surgically removed
58
Q

Benign tumors consists of what cells

A

differentiated

59
Q

____ neoplasms invade and destroy adjacent structures

A

Malignant

  • they metastasize
  • Poorly undifferentiated so it may be impossible to determine the origin
60
Q

_____ is the latin word for cancer

A

crab

61
Q

Carcinomas originate from ____

A

Epithelial cells

62
Q

____ are malignancies from glandular tissue

A

Adenocarcinoma

breast, liver and cells lining GI tract

63
Q

____ are tumors of the connective tissue

A

squamous cell carcinoma

Ex: lungs, head and neck regions

64
Q

malignant neoplasms that can occur in the bone , muscle or cartilage is known as

A

sarcomas - connective tissue

65
Q

List the 4 ways that metastatic spread may occur

A
  1. Seeding
  2. Lymphatic spread
  3. Invasion
  4. Hematogenous
66
Q

Metastatic spread that travels to a distant site and organs

A

seeding

67
Q

Metastatic spread that spreads through the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic spread

68
Q

Metastatic spread that spreads to other areas in close proximity

A

Invasion

69
Q

Metastatic spread that spreads through the circulatory system

A

Hematogenous spread

70
Q

What is a carcinogens

A
  1. chemicals that alter DNA
    ex:
    * cigarette smoke
    * Air and water pollution
  2. Sun or radiation
  3. Viruses that alter genetic material

RT 77 pathology (13 decks)

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