CH. 1 Intro. into pathology Flashcards
Define pathology
the study of structural and functional manifestations of disease
______ is the study of structural and functional manifestations of disease
Pathology
Why is pathology important in radiography
It is important to know different pathology to know when to increase or decrease exposure techniques to produce high quality radiographs
Define disease
Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of human body that may display a variety of manifestations.
____ is defined as Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of human body that may display a variety of manifestations.
Disease
Define pathogenesis
Development of disease
_____ is the term for the development of disease
pathogenesis
Define symptom
patient’s perception of the disease
*Subjective
___ is the term for the patient’s perception of the disease
Symptom
subjective
Define sign
objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during an examination
_____ is the term for objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during an
sign
Give an example of symptom vs sign
Symptom= Nausea
Sign= Vomiting
Define syndrome
A group of signs and symptoms : A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance
A group of signs and symptoms : A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance
Syndrome
Define etiology
the study of the cause and origin of disease
Define nonsocomial
Disease acquired from a health care enviornment
_____ is the cause and origin of disease
etiology
define latrogenic
any adverse condition in a patient occurring as a result of medical treatment
Define idiopathic
term for a disease that has no causative factor
Define acute
quick onset and lasting a short period of time with a severe course
Define chronic
presenting slowly and persisting over a ling period of time
Define diagnosis
the name of a disease and individual is believed to have
What is a prognosis
the prediction of course and outcome for a given disease
the prediction of course and outcome for a given disease
prognosis
____ tissue requires a decrease in exposure techniques
Subtractive/ lytic / destructive
____ tissue requires an increase in exposure techniques
Additive / sclerotic (hardening)
Define epidemiology
The investigation of disease in large groups
investigation of disease in large groups
epidemiology
Define mortality rate
the number of deaths from a particular disease averaged over a population
The incidence of illness in the population sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine
morbidity rate
Name 3 disease tracking organizations
- CDPH
- NCHS ( national center for health statistics)
- CDC
Name the 5 altered cellular biology states
- Atrophy
- decrease in cell size - Hypertrophy
- Increase in cell size - Hyperplasia
- Increase in the number of cells in a tissue - Metaplasia
- Conversion of a cell type - Dysplasia
- Abnormal tissue development in mature cells
How are disease classified?
- Congenital and hereditary
- Inflammatory
- Degenerative
- Metabolic
- Traumatic
- Neoplastic
Describe congenital disease classification
- What is it?
- What is it caused by?
disease present a birth that can result from genetic or environment factors
- In utero
- Caused by abnormalities of the chromosomes
Describe hereditary disease classification
caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to the child through genes in chromosomes
What is the difference between congenital and hereditary
Congenital differs from hereditary in the fact that it occurs in the utero and it is not passed down from parent to child through genes in chromosomes as it is with hereditary
how many chromosomes are there
46 chromosomes
- 44 autosomal
- 2 sex chromosomes
Describe the inflammatory disease classification
- What are the primary causes
disease that results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent
Causes:
- Allergic disease
- Toxic diseases
- Invasion by microorganisms
- Autoimmune disorders
Disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient’s own tissue
autoimmune disorder
List the 4 stages of inflammation
- Alterations of blood flow and vascular permeability
- Migration of WBC to injured tissue
- Phagocytosis
- WBC digest infecting organism - Repair of injury
- Regeneration of normal cells
What is the difference between chronic vs acute inflammation
chronic: longer duration of inflammation periods
Acute: heat , redness of skin and pain
Disease caused by a deterioration of the body
list 2 examples:
Degenerative disease
ex:
- Atherosclerosis
- Osteroporosis
- Osteoarthritis
What disease classification can be both process of age and disease that occurs following trauma
Degenerative disease
List 3 factors that affect the rate of aging in the degenerative disease
- Herediary
- Diet
- Enviornmental factors
Disease caused by the disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body
List 2 examples:
Metabolic disease
Ex:
1. Endocrine disorders
- dehydration
The sum of all physical and chemical process in the body
metabolism
Why is metabolism important
to maintain homeostasis
Disease that may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the body
Traumatic disease
Define neoplastic
new abnormal tissue growth
study of neoplasms
oncology
All tumors have 2 basic components. What are they?
- Organ tissue is made up of proliferating neoplastic cells
2. Supporting tissue is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and poss. lymphatic cells
What is the purpose of cancer grading
used to assess biologic behavior and choice of treatment
What is the difference between differentiated and undifferentiated (poorly differentiated) tumors
Differentiated tumors:
- Tend to grow slow
- Resemble cells of origin
Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated:
- Rapid growth
- Exhibits atypical characteristics and does not resemble cells of origin
What is the TNM system
staging of cancer
T-Tumor
N-Node (lymph node involvement)
M-Metastases
The addition of numbers to the TNM system indicated : ____
the extent of malignancy and increase in size or involvement of tumor
List the cells of origin for the common word
- Adeno-
- Angio-
- Chondro-
- Fibro-
- Hemangio-
- Lipo-
- Myo-
- Neuro-
- Osteo-
Cells of origin
- Gland
- Vascular
- Cartilage
- Fibrous tissue
- blood vessels
- adipose tissue
- Muscle
- Nerve
- Bone
____ neoplasms closely resemble their cells of origin in structure and function
benign neoplasms
- remain localized
- can be surgically removed
Benign tumors consists of what cells
differentiated
____ neoplasms invade and destroy adjacent structures
Malignant
- they metastasize
- Poorly undifferentiated so it may be impossible to determine the origin
_____ is the latin word for cancer
crab
Carcinomas originate from ____
Epithelial cells
____ are malignancies from glandular tissue
Adenocarcinoma
breast, liver and cells lining GI tract
____ are tumors of the connective tissue
squamous cell carcinoma
Ex: lungs, head and neck regions
malignant neoplasms that can occur in the bone , muscle or cartilage is known as
sarcomas - connective tissue
List the 4 ways that metastatic spread may occur
- Seeding
- Lymphatic spread
- Invasion
- Hematogenous
Metastatic spread that travels to a distant site and organs
seeding
Metastatic spread that spreads through the lymphatic system
Lymphatic spread
Metastatic spread that spreads to other areas in close proximity
Invasion
Metastatic spread that spreads through the circulatory system
Hematogenous spread
What is a carcinogens
- chemicals that alter DNA
ex:
* cigarette smoke
* Air and water pollution - Sun or radiation
- Viruses that alter genetic material
