Ch. 3 Respiratory system Flashcards
What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system
- Ventilation
2. Diffusion
Define ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
Define diffusion
gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system
how is the respiratory system divided into
- Upper respiratory: Nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx
2. Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, Lungs, bronchi and aveoli
The ____ lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
____ adheres directly to lung tissue
visceral pleura
How is the mediastium divided into
- Anterior
- Middle
- Posterior
The anterior mediastiun contains the
- Thyroid gland
2. Thymus gland
The middle mediastinum contains the :
- Heart
- Great vessels
- esophagus
- Trachea
The posterior mediastiun contains the:
- Descending aorta
2. Spine
What is the function of the bony thorax and what does it consist of
Assist in inspiration and expiration
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Thoracic vertebrae
Paranasal sinus are lined with ____ and communicate with the nasal cavities.
respiratory epithelium
Why is chest x-ray the most frequent performed exam in radiograph
it gives information about :
- Tissue
- Bone
- Pluera
- Medistinum
What should be seen on a PA chest xray
- Minimum of 10 posterior ribs
- Thoracic vertebra and disk spaces
- Right lung 1-2 cm higher than left side
____ exam is used to visualize apices of the chest
lordotic chest radiographs
What is the medical term for depressed sternum
pectus escavatum
“Sail sign” on a chest xray indicates which structure
thymus gland of a pediatric patient
Define subcutaneous emphysema
-What type of pathology:
Classification? ____
air in the subcutaneous tissue of the body
-Subtractive pathology
traumatic
What is the modality of choice for pulmonary adenopathy ( enlargment of lymph nodes)
CT
Where is the proper placement for an endotracheal tube (ET)
just above the carina
What is a swan-ganz catheter used for
How is it inserted
multilumen pulmonary artery catheter used to monitor cardiac function
Inserted through subclavian vein
Where is a chest tube inserted and what is it used for
inserted in the chest wall between ribs
- High for air
- Low for fluid
____ lines are impregnated with antibiotics.
Where is the proper location for it
CVP
central venous pressure lines, catheter that allows for alternative injection site
*tip of catheter in the distal superior vena cava , above the right atrium
a pulmonary artery catheter is known as
Swan ganz catheter
name types of access caths
- Hickman catheter (outside)
- Port-a-cath (inside)
inserted through the subclavian vein , below the skin under clavicle)
What are intraaortic balloon pumps (IABP)
-Where is it placed
catheter that allows for inflation and deflation of mechanical support of left ventricle .
-Helps reduce workload of heart.
Placed in descending aorta
What are pacemakers for and where are they inserted
pacing electrodes are placed in the right ventricle.
used for electrical pacing of the heart
What is respiratory failure
lack of respiratory function or lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exhange
inability to move air into and out of the lungs resulting in increased CO2 levels
hyerpcapnia
low oxygen levels within arterial blood
hypoxemia
What causes respiratory failure
- obstructed air way
2. respiratory muscle fatigue
What are symptoms of respiratory failure
- gasping breathing
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
what is cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive gene that affects exocrine glands such as the pancreas and salivary glands
what is hyaline membrane disease Nickname:\_\_\_ Type of pathology:\_\_\_ Classification? How is this diagnosed:\_\_\_\_
respiratory distress syndrome
- Affects premature infants under 37 weeks
- incomplete development of the surfactant producing system
*additive pathology Radiographic congenital appearance= ground glass *Chest x-ray
what is the radiographic sign for RDS: hyaline membrane disease.
What type of pathology is it?
ground glass appearance
*additive pathology
what is the most frequent type of lung infection
pneumonia
What is pnuemonia
-How is this diagnosed
- Type of pathology
Classification?
inflammation of the lung that affects pulmonary function
*Additive pathology
-Chest x-ray
inflammatory
Severe bacterial pneumonia
Legionnaires’ disease
*additive pathology
Pneumonia that is caused by the aspiration of acid vomitus
AKA :_____
Type of pathology:_____
aspiration pnuemonia
AKA: chemical pneumonia
*Additive pathology
What is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
How to diagnose this:____
What type of pathology is it:____
- Classification?
infection caused by inhalation of the M. (mycobacterium) tuberculosis
Radiographic sign= lesions at the apices
*Additive pathology
inflammatory
- chest x-ray
what exam should be performed with suspected tuberculosis?
lordotic chest x-ray
What does COPD stand for and what is it
- What type of pathology
- Classification?
- How to diagnose this
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction
*subtractive pathology
Inflammatory
- Chest x-ray
What are the 2 most common COPD diseases
- Bronchitis
2. Emphysema
what is emphysema
- What type of pathology? _
- Classification?_
- What is the radiographic appearnce
distended alveoli of the lungs due to loss elasticity that causes shortness of breath
*subtractive pathology
Inflammatory
*Radiographic appearance= depressed or flattened diaphragm
what is a lung abscess
What type of pathology:__
Classification?
How to diagnose this:____
dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris
*additive pathology
inflammatory
chest x-ray
Define pluerisy
inflammation of the pleura that causes chest pain
Define plueral effusion
exam that diagnoses this____
-What type of pathology:_
Classification?
radiographic signs:____
Collection of fluid in the plueral cavity
*additive pathology
inflammatory
chest x-ray
Blunting of the costophrenic angles
or shifting of the mediastium contralateral side of chest
define hemothorax
Classification
Pathology
Collection of blood in the pleural cavity
- Additive pathology
Inflammator
What is the most common fatal primary malignancy in the US
What type of pathology is it:______
Bronchiogenic carcinoma
*Additve pathology
What is bronchiogenic carcinoma
what exam is used to diagnose this
classification?
Fatal disease in which malignant tumors that arise near the hilar region of the
chest.
- Larger than 6 mm to show on x-ray
- Smaller than 6 mm show on CT scan
*Additve pathology
neoplastic
True or false: lung metastes is more common than primary lung neoplasms
Type of pathology:____
What exam is used to diagnose this?
True
Chest CT
*Additive pathology
What are the most common sites for metastes to occur
- breast
- GI tract
- Female reproductive system
- Prostate
- Skin
- Kidneys
