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RT 77 pathology > Ch. 3 Respiratory system > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Ventilation

2. Diffusion

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2
Q

Define ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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3
Q

Define diffusion

A

gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system

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4
Q

how is the respiratory system divided into

A
  1. Upper respiratory: Nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx

2. Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, Lungs, bronchi and aveoli

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5
Q

The ____ lines the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

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6
Q

____ adheres directly to lung tissue

A

visceral pleura

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7
Q

How is the mediastium divided into

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior
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8
Q

The anterior mediastiun contains the

A
  1. Thyroid gland

2. Thymus gland

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9
Q

The middle mediastinum contains the :

A
  1. Heart
  2. Great vessels
  3. esophagus
  4. Trachea
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10
Q

The posterior mediastiun contains the:

A
  1. Descending aorta

2. Spine

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11
Q

What is the function of the bony thorax and what does it consist of

A

Assist in inspiration and expiration

  1. Ribs
  2. Sternum
  3. Thoracic vertebrae
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12
Q

Paranasal sinus are lined with ____ and communicate with the nasal cavities.

A

respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

Why is chest x-ray the most frequent performed exam in radiograph

A

it gives information about :

  1. Tissue
  2. Bone
  3. Pluera
  4. Medistinum
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14
Q

What should be seen on a PA chest xray

A
  1. Minimum of 10 posterior ribs
  2. Thoracic vertebra and disk spaces
  3. Right lung 1-2 cm higher than left side
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15
Q

____ exam is used to visualize apices of the chest

A

lordotic chest radiographs

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16
Q

What is the medical term for depressed sternum

A

pectus escavatum

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17
Q

“Sail sign” on a chest xray indicates which structure

A

thymus gland of a pediatric patient

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18
Q

Define subcutaneous emphysema
-What type of pathology:
Classification? ____

A

air in the subcutaneous tissue of the body
-Subtractive pathology
traumatic

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19
Q

What is the modality of choice for pulmonary adenopathy ( enlargment of lymph nodes)

A

CT

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20
Q

Where is the proper placement for an endotracheal tube (ET)

A

just above the carina

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21
Q

What is a swan-ganz catheter used for

How is it inserted

A

multilumen pulmonary artery catheter used to monitor cardiac function

Inserted through subclavian vein

22
Q

Where is a chest tube inserted and what is it used for

A

inserted in the chest wall between ribs

  • High for air
  • Low for fluid
23
Q

____ lines are impregnated with antibiotics.

Where is the proper location for it

A

CVP
central venous pressure lines, catheter that allows for alternative injection site

*tip of catheter in the distal superior vena cava , above the right atrium

24
Q

a pulmonary artery catheter is known as

A

Swan ganz catheter

25
Q

name types of access caths

A
  1. Hickman catheter (outside)
  2. Port-a-cath (inside)

inserted through the subclavian vein , below the skin under clavicle)

26
Q

What are intraaortic balloon pumps (IABP)

-Where is it placed

A

catheter that allows for inflation and deflation of mechanical support of left ventricle .

-Helps reduce workload of heart.

Placed in descending aorta

27
Q

What are pacemakers for and where are they inserted

A

pacing electrodes are placed in the right ventricle.

used for electrical pacing of the heart

28
Q

What is respiratory failure

A

lack of respiratory function or lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exhange

29
Q

inability to move air into and out of the lungs resulting in increased CO2 levels

A

hyerpcapnia

30
Q

low oxygen levels within arterial blood

A

hypoxemia

31
Q

What causes respiratory failure

A
  1. obstructed air way

2. respiratory muscle fatigue

32
Q

What are symptoms of respiratory failure

A
  1. gasping breathing
  2. tachypnea
  3. tachycardia
33
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive gene that affects exocrine glands such as the pancreas and salivary glands

34
Q 
what is hyaline membrane disease
Nickname:\_\_\_
Type of pathology:\_\_\_
Classification?
How is this diagnosed:\_\_\_\_
A

respiratory distress syndrome

  • Affects premature infants under 37 weeks
  • incomplete development of the surfactant producing system
*additive pathology
Radiographic 
congenital
appearance= ground glass
*Chest x-ray
35
Q

what is the radiographic sign for RDS: hyaline membrane disease.

What type of pathology is it?

A

ground glass appearance

*additive pathology

36
Q

what is the most frequent type of lung infection

A

pneumonia

37
Q

What is pnuemonia

-How is this diagnosed
- Type of pathology
Classification?

A

inflammation of the lung that affects pulmonary function

*Additive pathology
-Chest x-ray
inflammatory

38
Q

Severe bacterial pneumonia

A

Legionnaires’ disease

*additive pathology

39
Q

Pneumonia that is caused by the aspiration of acid vomitus

AKA :_____
Type of pathology:_____

A

aspiration pnuemonia

AKA: chemical pneumonia

*Additive pathology

40
Q

What is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

How to diagnose this:____
What type of pathology is it:____

  • Classification?
A

infection caused by inhalation of the M. (mycobacterium) tuberculosis

Radiographic sign= lesions at the apices

*Additive pathology
inflammatory

  • chest x-ray
41
Q

what exam should be performed with suspected tuberculosis?

A

lordotic chest x-ray

42
Q

What does COPD stand for and what is it

  • What type of pathology
  • Classification?
  • How to diagnose this
A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • Group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction

*subtractive pathology
Inflammatory

  • Chest x-ray
43
Q

What are the 2 most common COPD diseases

A
  1. Bronchitis

2. Emphysema

44
Q

what is emphysema

  • What type of pathology? _
  • Classification?_
  • What is the radiographic appearnce
A

distended alveoli of the lungs due to loss elasticity that causes shortness of breath

*subtractive pathology
Inflammatory
*Radiographic appearance= depressed or flattened diaphragm

45
Q

what is a lung abscess
What type of pathology:__
Classification?
How to diagnose this:____

A

dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris

*additive pathology
inflammatory

chest x-ray

46
Q

Define pluerisy

A

inflammation of the pleura that causes chest pain

47
Q

Define plueral effusion

exam that diagnoses this____
-What type of pathology:_
Classification?
radiographic signs:____

A

Collection of fluid in the plueral cavity

*additive pathology
inflammatory

chest x-ray

Blunting of the costophrenic angles
or shifting of the mediastium contralateral side of chest

48
Q

define hemothorax

Classification

Pathology

A

Collection of blood in the pleural cavity

  • Additive pathology
    Inflammator
49
Q

What is the most common fatal primary malignancy in the US

What type of pathology is it:______

A

Bronchiogenic carcinoma

*Additve pathology

50
Q

What is bronchiogenic carcinoma

what exam is used to diagnose this

classification?

A

Fatal disease in which malignant tumors that arise near the hilar region of the
chest.

  • Larger than 6 mm to show on x-ray
  • Smaller than 6 mm show on CT scan

*Additve pathology

neoplastic

51
Q

True or false: lung metastes is more common than primary lung neoplasms
Type of pathology:____
What exam is used to diagnose this?

A

True

Chest CT

*Additive pathology

52
Q

What are the most common sites for metastes to occur

A
  1. breast
  2. GI tract
  3. Female reproductive system
  4. Prostate
  5. Skin
  6. Kidneys

RT 77 pathology (13 decks)

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