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RT 77 pathology > Ch. 8 cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Ch. 8 cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Shunt in a fetus that allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulatory system

Classification
Pathology

A

foramen ovale

congenital
none

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2
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

Shunt in a fetus that allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulatory system

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3
Q

____ fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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4
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consists of

A
  1. heart
  2. arteries
  3. capillaries
  4. veins
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5
Q

What are the sub-systems of circulation

A
  1. pulmonary circulation

2. System circulation

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6
Q

Function of pulmonary circulation

A

transports blood between the heart and the lungs for exchange of blood gasses

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7
Q

Function of the system circulation

A

Carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

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8
Q

____ acts as a pump to push blood through the body with the use of circulatory vessels

A

heart

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9
Q

the purpose of the heart is to ____?

A

acts as a pump to push blood through the body with the use of circulatory vessels

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10
Q

Where is the heart located at

A

in the anterior chest with in the mediastinum

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11
Q

the Interior of the heart has

___ and ___

A

2 upper chambers ( Rt. & Lt. atria)
and
2 lower chambers ( Rt. ventricle & lt. ventricle )

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12
Q

why does a PA chest exam not demonstrate all the chambers of the heart

A

because the heart is in an oblique position in the mediastinum

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13
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of the heart

A
  1. Endocardium ( inner , soft)
  2. Myocardium ( middle thickest)
  3. Epicardium ( outer protective layer)
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14
Q

the outer protective layer of the heart is termed

A

epicardium

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15
Q

the muscular and thickest layer of the heart is termed

A

myocardium

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16
Q

the inner and softest layer of the heart is termed

A

endocardium

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17
Q

lubricated sac that encloses the heart and prevents its from friction with other organs is known as ____

A

pericardial sac

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18
Q

the contraction of myocardium is ____

A

systole

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19
Q

the relaxation of the myocardium is ____

A

diastole

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20
Q

the natural pacemaker of the heart is known as

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

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21
Q

What are arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry the blood AWAY from the heart

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22
Q

What are veins

A

Blood vessels that carry the blood TO the heart

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23
Q

What is the difference between veins and arteries

A

Veins:

  • carry blood TO the heart
  • contain valves
  • Have thin walls

Arteries:
Carry blood AWAY from the heart

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24
Q

what are capillaries

A

small vessels that connect arteries and veins

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25
Q

What is the importance of a chest x-ray?

A
  • shows the heart size and shape
  • Lung vessels
  • Lung vascular markings
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26
Q

____ is the most commonly performed Radiograhic procedure

A

Chest x-ray

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27
Q

Name factors that affect the heart shape and size that are under the control of a radiographer

A
  • Pt. positioning
  • Technical factors
  • Pt. inspiration
  • geometric factors ) SID, OID)
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28
Q

Name factors that affect the heart shape and size in which a radiographer have no control over

A
  • body habitus

* bony thorax abnormalities

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29
Q

Which two characteristic are part of the fetal circulatory system

A
  1. Foramen Ovale

2. Ductus arteriosus

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30
Q

define cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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31
Q

A temporary vessel that is used during ureto life is known as

A

Ductus arteriosus

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32
Q

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close at birth

classification
pathology

A

patent ductus arteriosus

congenital
none

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33
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus

Classification
Pathology

A

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close at birth

Congenital
None

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34
Q

abnormal heart sound from turbulant flow of heart valves

A

murmur

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35
Q

Aorta that is narrowed at the junction site after closure of the ductus arteriosus

Classification
pathology
Radiographic sign

A

coarctation of the aorta

Congenital
Additive

radiographic sign = bugling above & under the stenosis
or rib notching ( rib erosions)

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36
Q

define coarctation of the aorta.

Classification

Pathology

A

Aorta that is narrowed at the junction site after closure of the ductus arteriosus

Congenital
Additive

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37
Q

the most common congenital heart defect

A

atrial septal defects

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38
Q

define atrial septal defects

A

failure of the foramen ovale to close at birth resulting in an opening between the right and left atria’s

congenital

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39
Q

failure of the foramen ovale to close at birth resulting in an opening between the right and left atria’s

A

atrial septal defect

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40
Q

define ventricular septal defect

A

opening between the RT. and Lt. ventricle . Considered to be more serious than atrial septal defect because it has more of a pressure difference than atrias.

41
Q

what is transposition of the great vessels

  • classification
  • pathology
  • exam to diagnose
  • radiographic sign
A

defect that results in the aorta arising from the Rt. ventricle instead of the Lt. one and the pulmonary trunk arising from the Lt. ventricle instead of the right one.

  • congenital
  • None
  • Echocardiography
  • narrow mediastinum
42
Q

what is the tetralogy of fallot

classification
pathology

A 
Combination of 4 defects
(HOP-V)
1.  hypertrophy of rt. ventricle
2. Overriding Aorta
1. Pulmonary stenosis 
2. Ventricular septal defect

Congenital
Additive

43
Q

defect that results in the aorta arising from the Rt. ventricle instead of the Lt. one and the pulmonary trunk arising from the Lt. ventricle instead of the right one.

  • classification
  • pathology
A

transpostion of the great vessels

  • Congenital
  • None
44
Q

children with ____ exhibit bluish skin during episodes of crying or feeding

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

congenital
Additive

45
Q

the most common cause of chronic valve disease is_____

classification
pathology

A

rheumatic fever
-produces inflammatory changes in the connective tissue which affects the heart valves

Inflammatory
none

46
Q

what is rheumatic fever

classification
pathology

A

the most common cause of chronic valvular disease that produces inflammatory changes in the connective tissue affecting the heart valves

Inflammatory
None

47
Q

____ is a result of scarring of valve cusps that stick to one another and inhibit blood flow

Classification
Pathology

A

valvular stenosis

Degenerative
Additive

48
Q

why is cardiac catherization is performed before heart surgery

A
  1. access valve function

2. detect CAD

49
Q

what is valvular stenosis

classification
pathology

A

scarring of valve cusps that stick together and inhibit blood flow

Degenerative
Additive

50
Q

what is CHF

A

Congestive Heart Failure
-heart is unable to move blood at a sufficient rate and volume that results in lack of blood to reach the tissues of the body

Degernative
Additive

results in enlargement of heart

51
Q

heart is unable to move blood at a sufficient rate and volume that results in lack of blood to reach the tissues of the body

Classification
Pathology

A

CHF
Congestive heart failure

Degenerative
Additive

52
Q

CHF is most commonly caused by ______

A

hypertension

53
Q

what is cor pulmonale

classification
pathology

A

lung disorder in which hypertension occurs in the pulmonary artery & enlargement of the Rt. ventricle

Degenerative
Additive

-

54
Q

lung disorder in which hypertension occurs in the pulmonary artery & enlargement of the Rt. ventricle

A

cor pulmonale

aka Right sided heart failure

Degenerative
Additive

55
Q

cor pulmonale is also known as ____

A

Right sided heart failure

56
Q

The inner layer of an artery is termed

A

Intima

57
Q

what is atherosclerosis

classification
pathology

A

hardening of the arteries

*degenerative
None

58
Q

temporary lack of blood supply to a local area due to circulation obstruction is termed

A

Ischemia

59
Q

define ischemia

A

temporary lack of blood supply to a local area due to circulation obstruction

60
Q

define infarct

A

area of ischemic necrosis

61
Q

area of ischemic necrosis

A

infarct

62
Q

What is CAD

classification
Pathology

A

Coronary artery disease that results from plaque in the arteries that supply blood to the heart

-Degenerative
Nonce

63
Q

what MI

classification
pathology
exam to diagnose

A

Myocardial Infarction
-heart attack that is caused by thrombus of coronary arteries

  • Degenerative
  • None
  • cardiac cath
64
Q

what is an aneurysm
-AKA_____
definition

A

outpouching of vessel wall or enlargement of artery

aka ballooning

65
Q

the term “ballooning” is also known as

A

aneurysm

66
Q

what are the 3 types of aneurysms

A
  1. Saccular
    - bulging on one side of the arterial wall
  2. Fusiform
    - bulging of the entire circumference of the vessel
  3. Dissecting
    - intima tears and blood flows in the vessel wall
67
Q

____ results when there is a weakening in the vessel wall due to atherosclerotic disease

A

Aneurysm

-Degenerative

68
Q

aneurysm in which there is bulging on one side of the arterial wall

A

Saccular aneurysm

ex. cerebral artery

69
Q

aneurysm in which there is bulging in the entire vessel circumference

A

fusiform aneurysm

ex. distal abdominal aorta

70
Q

aneurysm in which the intima tears and blood flows in the vessel wall

A

Dissecting aneurysm

forms intramural hematoma

71
Q

how do thoracic aneurysms occur

A
  1. congenital

2. Blunt force trauma

72
Q

what is venous thrombosis

classification
pathology

A

blood clots in a vein

aka DVT
deep vein thrombosis

Degeneragtive
additive

73
Q

define phlebitis

A

inflammation of the vein

degenerative
none

74
Q

blood clots in a vein

Classification
Pathology

A

venous thrombosis

Degenerative
Additive

75
Q

Inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

Degenerative
none

76
Q

Phlebitis is often associated with _____

Classification
Pathology

A

venous thrombosis

Phlebitis= Degenerative
None

77
Q

What is thrombophlebitis

A

combination of both blood clot in veins and inflammation of veins

78
Q

combination of both blood clot in veins and inflammation of veins

A

thrombophlebitis

79
Q

What is PE

classification
pathology
exam to diagnose

A

Pulmonary embolism
-Blood clot that becomes obstructed in the pulmonary artery

Degenerative
None
-CTA chest

80
Q

Blood clot that becomes obstructed in the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary embolism
aka thromboembolism

Degenerative
None

81
Q

another word for PE is ??

A

Thromboembolism

82
Q

Does a PA chest x-ray demonstrate all of the heart?

A

No because the heart sits in an oblique angle in the mediastinum

83
Q

When looking at a chest x-ray , you always see more of the _____ side of the heart shadow

A

left

84
Q

What are the 3 main systems of an EKG

A 
1. Systole
(contraction of the chambers) 
2. Diastole
(relaxation of the chambers in which they fill with blood)
3.SA node
(hearts natural pacemaker )
85
Q

purpose of ekg

A

to detect heart problems during any physical exams, during or after surgery

86
Q

During a chest x-ray ,when looking at heart size , you are accessing for which pathology

A

cardiomegaly

87
Q

During a chest x-ray , When looking at bony thorax , you are accessing for which pathology

A
  1. pectus escavatum (lateral projection)

2. scoliosis

88
Q

During a chest x-ray , When looking at bony vascular lung markings , you are accessing for which pathology

A
  1. pnumothorax

2. emphysema

89
Q

what does a TEE test stand for

A

transesophageal echocardiography

90
Q

the most widely used procedure in nuclear cardiology

A

myocardial perfusion scan

nuc-med

91
Q

commonly performed procedure to evaluated for cardiovascular disease

A

cardiac angiography

92
Q

which septal defect is most common

A

atrial

93
Q

which septal defect is most serious

A

ventricle septal defect because it has a greater pressure difference in the chambers

94
Q

surgical repair of an aneurysm is required if it measure greater than _____.

A

6 cm

95
Q

blunting of heart angles of an enlarged heart is a radiographic sign of _____

A

CHF

96
Q

high blood pressure in the lung arteries is known as

A

pulmonary hypertension

97
Q

widening mediastiun on a chest x-ray can indicate _____

A

aneurysm

98
Q

Narrowing of the mediastinum indicates

A

Transposition of great vessels

99
Q

widening of the mediaztinum indicates

A

Anneurysm

RT 77 pathology (13 decks)

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