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A&P 1 > Ch. 7 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic.

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2
Q

Connects Muscle to Bone

A

Tendon

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3
Q

Connects Bone to Bone

A

Ligament

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4
Q

Tendons and ligaments are made up of what kind of Connective Tissue?

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue.

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5
Q

What type of Tissue is this?

A

Dense Regular CT

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6
Q

Where does Hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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7
Q

Blood cells and platelets are formed by…

A

Stem cells

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8
Q

What minerals are stored in bones?

A

Calcium and Phosphate

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9
Q

What mineral is essential for… muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission.

A

Calcium

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10
Q

What mineral is essential for ATP utilization, plasma membrane?

A

Phosphate

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11
Q

Lipids are stored in ____________ of adult bones.

A

Yellow Bone Marrow

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12
Q

How are bones classified by shape?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

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13
Q

Shaft of a bone is called…

A

Diaphysis

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14
Q

What is the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a bone?

A

Medullary Cavity

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15
Q

The medullary cavity contains _______ bone marrow in children.

A

Red

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16
Q

The medullary cavity contains _______ bone marrow in adults.

A

Yellow

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17
Q

Distal or Proximal End of long bone

A

Epiphysis

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18
Q

The outer, thin layer of the epiphysis is made of…

A

Compact bone

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19
Q

The inner region of the epiphysis is made of…

A

Spongy bone

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20
Q

This covers the joint surface of bones.

A

Articular Cartilage

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21
Q

Articular cartilage is made up of a thin layer of what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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22
Q

Articular cartilage covers the joint surface, reduces friction, and absorbs ___________.

A

Shock

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23
Q

Structure between diaphysis and epiphysis.

A

Metaphysis

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24
Q

The epiphyseal or growth plate is in what region of bone.

A

Metaphysis

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25
Q

What structure provides for lengthwise bone growth?

A

Epiphyseal (growth) plate

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26
Q

In children the growth plate is a thin layer of _________ _____________.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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27
Q

In adults, the growth plate previously made of cartilage, is replaced with ….

A

Bone

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28
Q

The tough sheath cover the outer surface of bone

A

Periosteum

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29
Q

What type of connective tissues makes up the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?

A

Dense Irregular CT

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30
Q

What connects the periosteum to bone?

A

Collagen fibers

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31
Q

The inner cellular layer of the periosteum includes what two types of cells?

A

Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts

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32
Q

Collagen fibers that connect the periosteum to bone are called what?

A

Perforating Fibers

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33
Q

Perforating fibers connect bone to _____________.

A

Periosteum

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34
Q

What structure covers all internal surfaces of bone within the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

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35
Q

This structure contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

A

Endosteum

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36
Q

Short, flat, and irregular bones lack what cavity?

A

Medullary Cavity

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37
Q

Bone tissue is (living or non-living)

A

Living

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38
Q

Bones are/aren’t highly vascularized

A

ARE

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39
Q

Bones are/aren’t richly innervated.

A

ARE

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40
Q

Bones contain mainly what type of nerve?

A

Sensory

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41
Q

Red bone marrow is made of ____________ connective tissue.

A

Reticular

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42
Q

In children ____________ is located in spongy bone and the medullary cavity of long bones.

A

Red Bone Marrow

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43
Q

Adults mostly have what type of bone marrow?

A

Yellow

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44
Q

Fxn of Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

Produce Osteoblasts

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45
Q

This type of cell produces osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

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46
Q

This type of cell produces matrix of the bone.

A

Osteoblasts

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47
Q

Fxn of Osteoblasts…

A

Produce matrix of bone

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48
Q

Fxn of Osteoclasts…

A

Reabsorb matrix, using enzymes and HCl

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49
Q

This type of cell reabsorbs the bone matrix, using enzymes and HCl…

A

Osteoclasts

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50
Q

Fxn of Osteocytes…

A

Maintain bone matrix

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51
Q

This type of cell maintains the bone matrix…

A

Osteocytes

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52
Q

Organic component of bone matrix:

A

Osteoid

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53
Q

Inorganic component of bone matrix:

A

Salt Crystals, Hydroxyapatite

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54
Q

Osteoid is produced by what type of cells.

A

Osteoblasts

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55
Q

This is a collagen protein and semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins…

A

Osteoid

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56
Q

Osteoid contributes to what structural characteristic of bone?

A

Flexibility

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57
Q

Osteoid contributes to what structural characteristic of bone?

A

Flexibility

58
Q

Salt crystals [Hydroxyapatite] contribute to what structural characteristic of bone?

A

Harden matrix/Rigidity

59
Q

The basic functional and structural unit of mature, compact bone.

A

Osteons

60
Q

Osteons are oriented ______________ to bone diaphysis.

A

Parallel

61
Q

Another name for Osteons is……

A

Haversian Systems

62
Q

The central canal of an Osteon contains what?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

63
Q

Concentric Lamellae of a Osteon surround what?

A

Central Canal

64
Q

Concentric Lamellae are rings of ___________ CT.

A

Bone

65
Q

What types of cells are found in the small spaces between concentric lamellae (Lacunae)?

A

Osteocytes

66
Q

What are the tiny canals occupied by osteocyte processes? Where nutrients and waste move through?

A

Canaliculi

67
Q

In an Osteon, cells can transfer nutrients from one cell to the next through _____ junctions.

A

Gap

68
Q

Perforating (Volkman) Canals are oriented (parallel/perpendicular) to central canals?

A

Perpendicular

69
Q

What structure connects central canals within different osteons?

A

Perforating (Volkman) canals

70
Q

This structure encircles the circumference of the bone or medullary cavity: _____________ Lamellae

A

Circumferential

71
Q

_______________ Lamellae are the components of compact bone between Osteons, and are made of partially resorbed osteons.

A

Interstitial

72
Q

This type of Lamellae have NO central canal associated with them…

A

Interstitial Lamellae

73
Q

The open lattice of narrow rods and plates of bones, where bone marrow fills the spaces

A

Trabeculae

74
Q

Trabeculae contain _____________ Lamellae

A

Parallel

75
Q

The Gel-like ground substance of what structure includes proteoglycans but NOT calcium?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

76
Q

___________ Cartilage is highly compressible and. good shock absorber.

A

Hyaline

77
Q

_____________ Cartilage is avascular and contains no nerves.

A

Hyaline

78
Q

What type of cell produces cartilage matrix?

A

Chondroblasts

79
Q

What type of cell reside in the Lacunae and maintain the matrix of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

80
Q

This dense irregular connective tissue covers the cartilage and helps it to maintain its shape

A

Perichondrium

81
Q

Cartilage grows in length via ______________ growth

A

Interstitial

82
Q

Interstitial growth occurs ________ in cartilage

A

Deep

83
Q

Steps of Interstitial Growth:

1) __________ within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, Chondroblasts, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new matrial and are pushed apart. Each is now a chondrocyte.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.

A

Chondrocytes

84
Q

Steps of Interstitial Growth:

1) Chondrocytes within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, ____________, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new matrial and are pushed apart. Each is now a chondrocyte.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.

A

Chondroblasts

85
Q

Steps of Interstitial Growth:

1) Chondrocytes within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, Chondroblasts, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new material and are pushed apart. Each is now a _______________.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.

A

Chondrocyte

86
Q

Cartilage grows in width via ______________ growth.

A

Appositional

87
Q

Appositional growth of cartilage occurs where?

A

Outside edge of Cartilage

88
Q

Steps of Appositional Growth:

1) ________ cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes

A

Stem

89
Q

Steps of Appositional Growth:

1) Stem cells at edge of ______________ begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes

A

Perichondrium

90
Q

Steps of Appositional Growth:

1) Stem cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing, 1 stem cell and 1 ___________ are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes

A

Chondroblast

91
Q

Steps of Appositional Growth:

1) Stem cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) _______________ push apart and become ________________

A

Chondroblasts push apart and become Chondrocytes

92
Q

Process of formation and development of bone CT is called…

A

Ossification/Osteogenesis

93
Q

Two types of bone formation are…

A

Intramembranous Ossification &

Endochondral Ossification

94
Q

Bone growth within a membrane is known as…

A

Intramembranous Ossification

95
Q

What type of ossification forms many skull bones?

A

Intramembranous

96
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

1) ____________ centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting _________
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae

A

Ossification / Secrete Osteoid

97
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes _____________ - Entrapped cells become ___________
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae

A

Calcification / Osteocytes

98
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) __________ bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae

A

Woven

99
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) __________ Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae

A

Lamellar

100
Q

Intramembranous ossification begin when ____________ thickens with capillaries.

A

Mesenchyme

101
Q

Endochondral Ossification begins with the ____________ cartilage model.

A

Hyaline

102
Q

Endochondral ossification produces ______ bones of the skeleton

A

MOST

103
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification:

1) Fetal _________cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

A

Hyaline

104
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification:

1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage ________, and a __________ bone collar forms
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

A

Calcifies and a Peri-osteal bone collar forms

105
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification:

1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in ___________
- Bone development extends in both directions toward __________
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

A

Diaphysis

towards Epiphyses

106
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification:

1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in __________
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

A

Epiphyses

107
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification:

1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow ___________ cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

A

Medullary

108
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification:

1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except ________ cartilage and __________plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

A

Articular Cartilage and Epiphyseal plates

109
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification:

1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal ___________

A

lines

110
Q

Epiphyseal plates are also known as…

A

Growth Plates

111
Q

Lengthwise bone growth continues until…

A

Puberty

112
Q

Bone growth continues until the ___________ __________ is converted to the epiphyseal line

A

Epiphyseal Plate

113
Q

Bone growth in diameter or thickness is ____________ growth.

A

Appositional

114
Q

Bone growth in length is ______________ growth.

A

Interstitial

115
Q

_____________ bone growth is dependent on cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate

A

Interstitial

116
Q

Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:

1: Zone of _______ Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification

A

Resting

117
Q

Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:

1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of ________ cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification

A

Proliferating

118
Q

Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:

1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of _________ cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification

A

Hypertrophic

119
Q

Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:

1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of _______ cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification

A

Calcified

120
Q

Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:

1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of __________

A

Ossification

121
Q

In this zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitotic division.

A

Zone of Proliferating Cartilage

122
Q

In this zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes cease dividing and begin to hypertrophy

A

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

123
Q

In what two zones of the epiphyseal plate does bone growth occur?

A

2 (Proliferating Cartilage) & 3 (Hypertrophic catilage)

124
Q

In what zone of the epiphyseal plate, does deposition of minerals between columns of lacunae occur? Chondrocytes are also destroyed in this zone.

A

Zone of Calcified Cartilage

125
Q

What zone of the epiphyseal plate is invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells, as new bone matrix is deposited on the calcified cartilage matrix?

A

Zone of ossification

126
Q

Appositional growth of bone occurs within the ____________

A

Periosteum

127
Q

During appositional growth, bone matrix is deposited within layers __________ to the surface.

A

Parallel

128
Q

During appositional growth, ___________resorb bone matrix along the medullary cavity

A

osteoclasts

129
Q

Bone remodeling is influenced by hormones and ___________ stress.

A

Mechanical

130
Q

_________ Stress occurs in weight bearing movement and exercise

A

Mechanical

131
Q

Mechanical Stress ____________ the synthesis of Osteoid, causing an increase in bone strength.

A

Increases

132
Q

What two hormones primarily regulate blood calcium

A

Calcitriol

Parathyroid Hormone

133
Q

Calcitriol stimulates the _______________ of calcium ions from small intestine into the blood.

A

Absorption

134
Q

Calcitriol is derived from Vitamin __________

A

D3

135
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to __________ blood calcium levels.

A

Reduced

136
Q

Release of parathyroid hormone ____________ osteoclast activity in bone

A

Increases

137
Q

Release of parathyroid hormone __________ calcium reabsorption in kidneys.

A

Increases

138
Q

A hormone with a less significant role in regulating blood calcium levels is…

A

Calcitonin

139
Q

Calcitonin is released from the ________ gland.

A

Thyroid

140
Q

Calcitonin is released in response to ___________ blood calcium levels

A

Elevated

141
Q

What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?

A

Calcitonin

142
Q

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to increase the loss of calcium through the urine?

A

Calcitonin

A&P 1 (17 decks)

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