Ch. 7 Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic.
Connects Muscle to Bone
Tendon
Connects Bone to Bone
Ligament
Tendons and ligaments are made up of what kind of Connective Tissue?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue.
What type of Tissue is this?
Dense Regular CT
Where does Hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Blood cells and platelets are formed by…
Stem cells
What minerals are stored in bones?
Calcium and Phosphate
What mineral is essential for… muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission.
Calcium
What mineral is essential for ATP utilization, plasma membrane?
Phosphate
Lipids are stored in ____________ of adult bones.
Yellow Bone Marrow
How are bones classified by shape?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
Shaft of a bone is called…
Diaphysis
What is the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a bone?
Medullary Cavity
The medullary cavity contains _______ bone marrow in children.
Red
The medullary cavity contains _______ bone marrow in adults.
Yellow
Distal or Proximal End of long bone
Epiphysis
The outer, thin layer of the epiphysis is made of…
Compact bone
The inner region of the epiphysis is made of…
Spongy bone
This covers the joint surface of bones.
Articular Cartilage
Articular cartilage is made up of a thin layer of what type of cartilage?
Hyaline
Articular cartilage covers the joint surface, reduces friction, and absorbs ___________.
Shock
Structure between diaphysis and epiphysis.
Metaphysis
The epiphyseal or growth plate is in what region of bone.
Metaphysis
What structure provides for lengthwise bone growth?
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
In children the growth plate is a thin layer of _________ _____________.
Hyaline Cartilage
In adults, the growth plate previously made of cartilage, is replaced with ….
Bone
The tough sheath cover the outer surface of bone
Periosteum
What type of connective tissues makes up the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?
Dense Irregular CT
What connects the periosteum to bone?
Collagen fibers
The inner cellular layer of the periosteum includes what two types of cells?
Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts
Collagen fibers that connect the periosteum to bone are called what?
Perforating Fibers
Perforating fibers connect bone to _____________.
Periosteum
What structure covers all internal surfaces of bone within the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
This structure contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
Endosteum
Short, flat, and irregular bones lack what cavity?
Medullary Cavity
Bone tissue is (living or non-living)
Living
Bones are/aren’t highly vascularized
ARE
Bones are/aren’t richly innervated.
ARE
Bones contain mainly what type of nerve?
Sensory
Red bone marrow is made of ____________ connective tissue.
Reticular
In children ____________ is located in spongy bone and the medullary cavity of long bones.
Red Bone Marrow
Adults mostly have what type of bone marrow?
Yellow
Fxn of Osteoprogenitor Cells
Produce Osteoblasts
This type of cell produces osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor Cells
This type of cell produces matrix of the bone.
Osteoblasts
Fxn of Osteoblasts…
Produce matrix of bone
Fxn of Osteoclasts…
Reabsorb matrix, using enzymes and HCl
This type of cell reabsorbs the bone matrix, using enzymes and HCl…
Osteoclasts
Fxn of Osteocytes…
Maintain bone matrix
This type of cell maintains the bone matrix…
Osteocytes
Organic component of bone matrix:
Osteoid
Inorganic component of bone matrix:
Salt Crystals, Hydroxyapatite
Osteoid is produced by what type of cells.
Osteoblasts
This is a collagen protein and semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins…
Osteoid
Osteoid contributes to what structural characteristic of bone?
Flexibility
Osteoid contributes to what structural characteristic of bone?
Flexibility
Salt crystals [Hydroxyapatite] contribute to what structural characteristic of bone?
Harden matrix/Rigidity
The basic functional and structural unit of mature, compact bone.
Osteons
Osteons are oriented ______________ to bone diaphysis.
Parallel
Another name for Osteons is……
Haversian Systems
The central canal of an Osteon contains what?
Blood vessels and nerves
Concentric Lamellae of a Osteon surround what?
Central Canal
Concentric Lamellae are rings of ___________ CT.
Bone
What types of cells are found in the small spaces between concentric lamellae (Lacunae)?
Osteocytes
What are the tiny canals occupied by osteocyte processes? Where nutrients and waste move through?
Canaliculi
In an Osteon, cells can transfer nutrients from one cell to the next through _____ junctions.
Gap
Perforating (Volkman) Canals are oriented (parallel/perpendicular) to central canals?
Perpendicular
What structure connects central canals within different osteons?
Perforating (Volkman) canals
This structure encircles the circumference of the bone or medullary cavity: _____________ Lamellae
Circumferential
_______________ Lamellae are the components of compact bone between Osteons, and are made of partially resorbed osteons.
Interstitial
This type of Lamellae have NO central canal associated with them…
Interstitial Lamellae
The open lattice of narrow rods and plates of bones, where bone marrow fills the spaces
Trabeculae
Trabeculae contain _____________ Lamellae
Parallel
The Gel-like ground substance of what structure includes proteoglycans but NOT calcium?
Hyaline Cartilage
___________ Cartilage is highly compressible and. good shock absorber.
Hyaline
_____________ Cartilage is avascular and contains no nerves.
Hyaline
What type of cell produces cartilage matrix?
Chondroblasts
What type of cell reside in the Lacunae and maintain the matrix of cartilage?
Chondrocytes
This dense irregular connective tissue covers the cartilage and helps it to maintain its shape
Perichondrium
Cartilage grows in length via ______________ growth
Interstitial
Interstitial growth occurs ________ in cartilage
Deep
Steps of Interstitial Growth:
1) __________ within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, Chondroblasts, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new matrial and are pushed apart. Each is now a chondrocyte.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.
Chondrocytes
Steps of Interstitial Growth:
1) Chondrocytes within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, ____________, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new matrial and are pushed apart. Each is now a chondrocyte.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.
Chondroblasts
Steps of Interstitial Growth:
1) Chondrocytes within lacuna divide
2) Two cells, Chondroblasts, occupy a single lacuna
3) Chondroblasts secrete new material and are pushed apart. Each is now a _______________.
4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.
Chondrocyte
Cartilage grows in width via ______________ growth.
Appositional
Appositional growth of cartilage occurs where?
Outside edge of Cartilage
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) ________ cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes
Stem
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) Stem cells at edge of ______________ begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes
Perichondrium
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) Stem cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing, 1 stem cell and 1 ___________ are formed
3) Chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes
Chondroblast
Steps of Appositional Growth:
1) Stem cells at edge of Perichondrium begin to divide
2) From one stem cell dividing 1 stem cell and 1 chondroblast are formed
3) _______________ push apart and become ________________
Chondroblasts push apart and become Chondrocytes
Process of formation and development of bone CT is called…
Ossification/Osteogenesis
Two types of bone formation are…
Intramembranous Ossification &
Endochondral Ossification
Bone growth within a membrane is known as…
Intramembranous Ossification
What type of ossification forms many skull bones?
Intramembranous
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) ____________ centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting _________
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Ossification / Secrete Osteoid
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes _____________ - Entrapped cells become ___________
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Calcification / Osteocytes
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) __________ bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Woven
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:
1) Ossification centers form - Osteoprogenitor cells and Osteoblasts secreting osteoid
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification - Entrapped cells become osteocytes
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) __________ Bone (Secondary bone) replaces woven bone - Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae
Lamellar
Intramembranous ossification begin when ____________ thickens with capillaries.
Mesenchyme
Endochondral Ossification begins with the ____________ cartilage model.
Hyaline
Endochondral ossification produces ______ bones of the skeleton
MOST
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal _________cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Hyaline
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage ________, and a __________ bone collar forms
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Calcifies and a Peri-osteal bone collar forms
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in ___________
- Bone development extends in both directions toward __________
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Diaphysis
towards Epiphyses
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in __________
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Epiphyses
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow ___________ cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Medullary
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except ________ cartilage and __________plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Articular Cartilage and Epiphyseal plates
Steps of Endochondral Ossification:
1) Fetal Hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, and a peri-osteal bone collar forms
- matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die
- Blood vessels grow towards cartilage
- Osteoblasts develop and secrete osteoid
3) Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
- Bone development extends in both directions toward epiphyses
- Bone CT displaces calcified, degenerating cartilage
4) Secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
- Osteoclasts resorb some bone matrix, which creates the hollow medullary cavity
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal ___________
lines
Epiphyseal plates are also known as…
Growth Plates
Lengthwise bone growth continues until…
Puberty
Bone growth continues until the ___________ __________ is converted to the epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal Plate
Bone growth in diameter or thickness is ____________ growth.
Appositional
Bone growth in length is ______________ growth.
Interstitial
_____________ bone growth is dependent on cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate
Interstitial
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of _______ Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Resting
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of ________ cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Proliferating
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of _________ cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Hypertrophic
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of _______ cartilage
5: Zone of Ossification
Calcified
Five zones of the Epiphyseal Plate:
1: Zone of Resting Cartilage
2: Zone of proliferating cartilage
3: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4: Zone of calcified cartilage
5: Zone of __________
Ossification
In this zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitotic division.
Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
In this zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes cease dividing and begin to hypertrophy
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
In what two zones of the epiphyseal plate does bone growth occur?
2 (Proliferating Cartilage) & 3 (Hypertrophic catilage)
In what zone of the epiphyseal plate, does deposition of minerals between columns of lacunae occur? Chondrocytes are also destroyed in this zone.
Zone of Calcified Cartilage
What zone of the epiphyseal plate is invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells, as new bone matrix is deposited on the calcified cartilage matrix?
Zone of ossification
Appositional growth of bone occurs within the ____________
Periosteum
During appositional growth, bone matrix is deposited within layers __________ to the surface.
Parallel
During appositional growth, ___________resorb bone matrix along the medullary cavity
osteoclasts
Bone remodeling is influenced by hormones and ___________ stress.
Mechanical
_________ Stress occurs in weight bearing movement and exercise
Mechanical
Mechanical Stress ____________ the synthesis of Osteoid, causing an increase in bone strength.
Increases
What two hormones primarily regulate blood calcium
Calcitriol
Parathyroid Hormone
Calcitriol stimulates the _______________ of calcium ions from small intestine into the blood.
Absorption
Calcitriol is derived from Vitamin __________
D3
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to __________ blood calcium levels.
Reduced
Release of parathyroid hormone ____________ osteoclast activity in bone
Increases
Release of parathyroid hormone __________ calcium reabsorption in kidneys.
Increases
A hormone with a less significant role in regulating blood calcium levels is…
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is released from the ________ gland.
Thyroid
Calcitonin is released in response to ___________ blood calcium levels
Elevated
What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
What hormone stimulates the kidneys to increase the loss of calcium through the urine?
Calcitonin
