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A&P 1 > Ch. 16 Nervous System Senses > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Nervous System Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Convert stimulus energy into electrical energy

A

Transducers

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2
Q

The distribution area of the endings of a sensory neuron

A

Receptive Field

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3
Q

Smaller receptive fields allow for more ________ stimulus localization.

A

Precise

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4
Q

Type of energy transmitted by the stimulus

A

Modality (ex. Touch)

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5
Q

__________ of stimulus determined by which receptive field is active.

A

Location

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6
Q

_____________ of stimulus determined by how many nerve signals reach CNS.

A

Intensity

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7
Q

__________ - time from start to end of a response in the receptor

A

Duration

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8
Q

Receptor adaptation helps determine stimulus ________.

A

Duration

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9
Q

Adaptation is _____________ sensitivity to continuous stimulus

A

Decreased

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10
Q

_______ receptors show limited adaptation; respond continuously

A

Tonic (ex. Pain receptors)

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11
Q

__________ receptors adapt rapidly, only respond to new stimuli.

A

Phasic (ex. pressure receptors)

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12
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their receptor distribution, ___________ vs. __________

A

General vs. Special

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13
Q

____________ sense receptors: simple structures distributed throughout the body.

A

General

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14
Q

Somatic sensory receptors are a type of ________ sense receptor.

A

general

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15
Q

Visceral sense receptors are a type of __________ sense receptor.

A

General

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16
Q

__________ Sensory receptors: Tactile receptors of skin and mucous membranes; proprioceptors of joints, muscles, and tendons.

A

Somatic

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17
Q

__________ Sensory Receptors: Found in walls of internal organs, they monitor stretch, chemical environment, temperature, and pain.

A

Visceral

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18
Q

___________ Sense receptors - Receptors in complex sense organs of the head.

A

Special

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19
Q

5 Special Senses:
Olfaction
Gustation
Vision
Audition
_____________

A

Equilibrium

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20
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their stimulus origin:
__________ detect stimuli from external environment.

A

Exteroceptors

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21
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their stimulus origin:
__________ detect stimuli from internal organs

A

Interoceptors

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22
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their stimulus origin:
____________ detect body and limb movements.

A

Proprioceptors

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23
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
_____________ detect chemicals dissolved in fluid.

A

Chemoreceptors

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24
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
________________ detect changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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25
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
_______________ detect changes in light intensity, color, movement.

A

Photoreceptors

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26
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
__________ detect distortion of cell membrane

A

Mechanoreceptors

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27
Q

Sensory receptors can be classified by their modality of stimulus:
____________ detect painful stimuli

A

Nociceptors

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28
Q

__________ Nociceptors detect chemical, heat, or mechanical damage to the body surface or skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic

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29
Q

_____________ Nociceptors detect internal organ damage.

A

Visceral

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30
Q

_____________ Receptors - abundant mechanoreceptors of skin and mucus membranes

A

Tactile

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31
Q

____________ tactile receptors - Dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective cover.

A

Unencapsulated

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32
Q

Simplest tactile receptors
Terminal ends of sensory neuron dendrites
Located close to skin surface
Phasic or Tonic

A

Free Nerve Endings

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33
Q

Unencapsulated tactile receptor
Wrap around hair follicle
Located in deeper layer of dermis
Detect hair displacement
Phasic receptors

A

Root Hair Plexuses

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34
Q

Flattened endings of sensory neurons extending to tactile (merkel) cells.

A

Tactile disks

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35
Q

Tactile cells are specialized epithelial cells in __________ layer of epidermis.

A

Basal

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36
Q

Tactile discs are (phasic or tonic) receptors.

A

Tonic

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37
Q

___________ tactile receptors: Neuron endings wrapped by connective tissue to covered by connective tissue and glial cells

A

Encapsulated

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38
Q

Encapsulated Tactile Recpetor
Located in dermis and mucus membranes
Detect pressure and low-frequency vibrations
Tonic Receptors

A

End (Krause) bulbs

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39
Q

Encapsulated Tactile Receptors
Located deep in dermis, hypodermis, some organ walls
Detect deep pressure, coarse touch, high frequency vibration
Phasic receptors

A

Lamellated Corpuscles

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40
Q

Encapsulated Tactile Receptors
Located in dermis and subcutaneous layer
Detect deep pressure and skin distortion
Tonic receptors

A

Bulbous Corpuscles

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41
Q

Encapsulated tactile receptor
In Dermal papillae
Allow for recognition of texture, shape
Phasic Receptors

A

Tactile corpuscles

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42
Q

The inaccurate localization of pain signals from viscera, perceived as originating from skin, muscle.

A

Referred pain

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43
Q

While experiencing referred pain, the ______________ cortex is unable to determine true source of signal.

A

Somatosensory

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44
Q

Phantom pain occurs when ____________ is still alive.

A

Cell body

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45
Q

Accessory structures are ___________ of the eyeball.

A

Outside

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46
Q

Aid in nonverbal communication, prevent sweat from dripping into eye

A

Eyebrows

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47
Q

Extend of margins of eyelids, prevent objects from coming into contact with eye

A

Eyelashes

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48
Q

Palpebrae are also known as

A

Eyelids

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49
Q

Transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces, made of stratified columnar epithelium.

A

Conjunctiva

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50
Q

_____________ conjunctiva covers anterior sclera (white of eye)

A

Ocular

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51
Q

____________ Conjunctiva covers internal surface of eyelid

A

Palpebral

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52
Q

Pink Eye

A

Conjunctivitis

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53
Q

Produces tears

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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54
Q

____________ drains into lacrimal canaliculus, to lacrimal sac, to nasolacrimal duct, to nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal Fluid

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55
Q

_________ cavity of eye, contains permanent vitreous humor

A

Posterior

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56
Q

___________ cavity of the eye, contains circulating aqueous humor

A

Anterior

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57
Q

Wall of eye is formed by ___ tunics.

A

three

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58
Q

________ Tunic - tough outer layer, composed of posterior sclera and cornea

A

Fibrous

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59
Q

White of the eye

A

Sclera

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60
Q

Sclera is composed of dense ____________ CT, provides eye shape, protection, and attachment site for muscles

A

irregular

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61
Q

Fibrous Tunic is made up of ______________ & ____________

A

Sclera & Cornea

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62
Q

Convex transparent structure at front of eye

A

Cornea

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63
Q

Cornea:
Inner layer - Simple _______ epithelium
Middle Later - Collagen
Outer layer - Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Squamous

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64
Q

Cornea:
Inner layer - Simple squamous epithelium
Middle Later - Collagen
Outer layer - Stratified ________ epithelium

A

Squamous

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65
Q

Cornea:
Inner layer - Simple squamous epithelium
Middle Later -____________-
Outer layer - Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Collagen

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66
Q

There are no blood vessels in this part of the fibrous tunic.

A

Cornea

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67
Q

This part of the fibrous tunic refracts light

A

Cornea

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68
Q

__________ Tunic: Composed of Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris

A

Vascular

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69
Q

This tunic houses blood vessels, lymph vessels and intrinsic muscles

A

Vascular

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70
Q

___________ : Part of the vascular tunic, with many capillaries and melanocytes

A

Choroid

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71
Q

Part of vascular tunics, houses ciliary muscles and processes

A

Ciliary Body

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72
Q

Ciliary ___________: Contain capillaries secreting aqueous humor

A

Processes

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73
Q

Gives eye color

A

Iris

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74
Q

Divides the anterior segment into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber

A

Iris

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75
Q

Opening in the center of iris connecting the two chambers

A

Pupil

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76
Q

(Volatile molecules) that are dissolved into nasal mucus and detected by chemoreceptors

A

Odorants

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77
Q

Olfactory Epithelium has 3 types of cells:
1. Olfactory __________ cells - Detects odors

A

Receptor

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78
Q

Olfactory Epithelium has 3 types of cells:
2. ____________ cells - sustain receptors

A

Supporting

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79
Q

Olfactory Epithelium has 3 types of cells:
3. _____________ cells - replace olfactory receptor cells every 40-60 days

A

Basal

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80
Q

Olfactory receptor cells have a __________ structure.

A

Bipolar

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81
Q

Cilia projecting from olfactory receptor cell dendrite, house chemoreceptors for a specific odorant

A

Olfactory Hairs

82
Q

Mucus contains ________-binding proteins

A

Odorant

83
Q

How do you detect smells?

  1. Odorant binds to ________ in mucus
  2. Protein stimulates receptor cell
  3. Action potential is triggered on axon, conducted to olfactory bulbs
  4. Conducted to olfactory tracts
  5. Conducts signal to various CNS areas
A

Protein

84
Q

How do you detect smells?

  1. Odorant binds to protein in mucus
  2. Protein stimulates receptor cell
  3. Action potential is triggered on axon, conducted to olfactory ______
  4. Conducted to olfactory _____
  5. Conducts signal to various CNS areas
A
  1. Bulbs
  2. Tracts
85
Q

Olfaction DOES NOT project to _________

A

thalamus

86
Q

_____________ cells - chemoreceptors within taste buds

A

Gustatory

87
Q

__________ Papillae - Short and spiked, with no taste buds, help to manipulate food, front of tongue

A

Filiform

88
Q

___________ papillae - Mushroom shaped, contains a few tastebuds, tip and sides of tongues

A

Fungiform

89
Q

_______________ Papillae - Largest, least numerous, contains the most tastebuds

A

Vallate

90
Q

_________ Papillae - leaf like ridges, not well developed, house a few taste buds in early childhood, posterior-lateral tongue

A

Foliate (Foliage like leaves)

91
Q

onion shaped organs housing taste-receptors

A

Taste buds

92
Q

Within taste buds, basal cells are neural stem cells that _______ gustatory cells.

A

replace

93
Q

Gustatory cells live for approx.

A

7-9 days

94
Q

__________ Nerve is responsible for anterior parts of the tongue

A

Facial (CN VII)

95
Q

____________ Nerve is responsible for posterior parts of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

96
Q

____________ Nerve is responsible for Pharynx

A

Vagus (X)

97
Q

Primary gustatory complex is located in the _________

A

Insula

98
Q

Are taste sensations localized?

A

No - spread over broad regions of the tongue

99
Q

For sweet, bitter, and umami the tastants are…

A

Molecules

100
Q

For salt and sour the tastants are…

A

Ions

101
Q

Generating AP for tastants that are __________…

  1. The tastant binds to specific cell membrane receptor
  2. G-protein is activated causing formation of second messenger
  3. Results in cell depolarization
A

Molecules (Sweet, Bitter, Umami

102
Q

Generating AP for tastants that are _________—

Tastant depolarizes the cell directly

A

ions (Salt and sour)

103
Q

Processing of Gustatory Information

  1. Primary neuron in cranial nerve brings signal to nucleus __________ within medulla
  2. Medullary activity triggers salivation and stomach secretions ( or Nauseating stimuli trigger gagging)
  3. Signal is relayed to thalamus
  4. The relayed to primary gustatory cortex
A

Solitarius

104
Q

Processing of Gustatory Information

  1. Primary neuron in cranial nerve brings signal to nucleus solitarius within medulla
  2. Medullary activity triggers salivation and stomach secretions ( or Nauseating stimuli trigger gagging)
  3. Signal is relayed to _________
  4. The relayed to primary gustatory cortex
A

Thalamus

105
Q

__________ Pupillae muscles: concentrically circular fibers constrict pupil with parasympathetic nervous system acivity

A

Sphincter

106
Q

______________ Pupillae muscle: Radially organized smooth muscle dilates pupil with sympathetic nervous system activity

A

Dilator

107
Q

___________ Reflex: Alters pupil size in response to light

A

Pupillary

108
Q

________ controls pupil diameter

A

Iris

109
Q

The neural tunic is also known as the ________

A

Retina

110
Q

____________ Layer of Retina: Attached to choroid, provides Vit. A, absorbs stray light

A

Pigmented

111
Q

__________ Layer of Retina: Houses photoreceptors and associated neurons, converts light to nerve signals

A

Neural

112
Q

________________ of Retina: boundary between photosensitive and non-photosensitive parts of retina

A

Ora Serrata

113
Q

Cells of neural layer form 3 sublayers:

____________ Cell layer: contains rods and cones, and pigments

A

Photoreceptor

114
Q

Cells of neural layer form 3 sublayers:

__________ Cell Layer: Their dendrites receive synaptic input from rods and cones

A

Bipolar

115
Q

Cells of neural layer form 3 sublayers:

__________ Cell layer: Their axons gather at optic disk and form optic nerve

A

Ganglion

116
Q

These interneurons are found where? Horizontal cells and Amacrine cells

A

Retina

117
Q

This part of the Retina contains no photoreceptors - is a blind spot. And is where ganglion axons exit toward the brain.

A

Optic Disc

118
Q

This structure of the retina contain fovea centralis, has the highest proportions of cones, and is the area of sharpest vision

A

Macula Lutea

119
Q

_________ Retina contains primarily rods and functions most effectively in low light.

A

Peripheral

120
Q

______: Changes shape to focus light on retina

A

Lens

121
Q

Shape of lens is determined by ciliary muscle and __________ ligaments

A

Suspensory

122
Q

____________ Humor helps to maintain eye shape, is permanent, and supports retina

A

vitreous

123
Q

____________ Humor is continuously produced, nourishes and oxygenates lens and inner cornea

A

Aqueous

124
Q

Drainage failure of Aqueous humor can lead to…

A

Glaucoma

125
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal Vision

126
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far-sighted

127
Q

Myopia

A

Near-Sighted

128
Q

Hyperopia is corrected with a ________ lens

A

Convex

129
Q

Myopia is corrected with ________ lens

A

Concave

130
Q

The unequal focusing, or unequal curvatures in one or more refractive surfaces

A

Astigamtism

131
Q

Age related change in vision

A

Presbyopia

132
Q

How is light focused for vision? Objects closer than 20 feet:

Eyes _______, lens accommodates, pupil constricts

A

converge

133
Q

How is light focused for vision? Objects closer than 20 feet:

Eyes converge, lens ___________, pupil constricts

A

Accommodates

134
Q

How is light focused for vision? Objects closer than 20 feet:

Eyes converge, lens accommodates, pupil ________

A

Constricts

135
Q

How is light focused for vision? Objects farther than 20 feet:

Eyes face forward, lens ________, pupil dilated

A

flattens

136
Q

How is light focused for vision? Objects farther than 20 feet:

Eyes face forward, lens flattens, pupil ______

A

Dilated

137
Q

Converting light to electrical signals

A

Phototransduction

138
Q

Synaptic terminals of photoreceptors contain what neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

139
Q

Rods or cones are more numerous?

A

Rods

140
Q

Cones have a __________ relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells

A

1 to 1

141
Q

Light absorbing molecules found within membranes of rods and cones. Made of opsin and retinal

A

Photopigments

142
Q

Each photoreceptor has only one _________ type

A

photopigments

143
Q

Rods contain the photopigment…

A

Rhodopsin

144
Q

There are ____ types of cones, each w/ a type of photopsin with a different sensitivy

A

3

145
Q

Cones contain the photopigment

A

Photopsin

(3 types - Blue, Green, Red)

146
Q

In the dark, rhodopsin (Rods) contains cis-retinal.

Light causes reconfiguration to trans-retinal, which dissociates from opsin.

This is known as…

A

Bleaching

147
Q

After bleaching, Rhodopsin must be rebuilt for rod to function…

Is this process slower or faster than rebuilding cone photopsins.

A

Rhodopsin rebuilds more slowly

148
Q

Return of sensitivity to low light levels after exposure to bright light. May take 20-30 minutes.

A

Dark Adaptation

149
Q

Process of adjusting from low light to bright conditions, pupils constrict but cones are initially overstimulated. takes about 5-10 minutes

A

Light Adaptation

150
Q

Events of Phototransduction

  1. In the dark, rods are __________ and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
  2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
  3. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
  4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
  5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
A

Depolarized

151
Q

Events of Phototransduction

  1. In the dark, rods are depolarized and _________ is continuously released by the rod.
  2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
  3. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
  4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
  5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
A

Glutamate

152
Q

Events of Phototransduction

  1. In the dark, rods are depolarized and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
  2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
  3. Light __________ rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
  4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
  5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
A

Hyperpolarizes

153
Q

Events of Phototransduction

  1. In the dark, rods are depolarized and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
  2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
    1. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to ______ releasing glutamate
  3. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ganglion cell
  4. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
A

STOP

154
Q

Events of Phototransduction

  1. In the dark, rods are depolarized and glutamate is continuously released by the rod.
  2. Glutamate hyper polarizes bipolar cells, preventing them from exciting ganglion cells
  3. Light Hyper-polarizes rods causing them to stop releasing glutamate
  4. Bipolar cells are no longer inhibited, and release glutamate to ____________ cells
  5. Ganglion cell excitation leads to impulses being sent along axon to the brain
A

Ganglion cells

155
Q

Visual Pathway in the Retina:

Photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ________ cells

A

Ganglion

156
Q

_____________ cell axons bundle at disc to form optic nerve

A

Ganglion

157
Q

Visual pathway optic nerves:

Exits back of eye and converges at optic _________

A

Chiasm

158
Q

____________ Optic nerves cross to opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm

A

Medial

159
Q

Visual pathways of optic tracts:

Most axons go to lateral ____________ nucleus of thalamus

Thalamic neurons’ axons project to visual cortex in occipital lobe

A

Geniculate

160
Q

The overlapping visual fields of the L and R eye allows for stereoscopic vision, also known as,

A

Depth Perception

161
Q

________________ Colliculi (in the midbrain) coordinate reflexive eye movements

A

Superior

162
Q

_______________ Nuclei, in the midbrain, coordinate pupillary reflex and lens accommodation reflex

A

Pretectal

163
Q

Tunnel shaped, visible part of the ear. Protects entryway and direct sound inward

A

Auricle

164
Q

Tympanic Membrane is also know as

A

Eardrum

165
Q

Tympanic membrane transmits sounds waves to _________ ear

A

Middle

166
Q

Passage extending from middle ear to nasopharynx, opens with yawning and chewing

A

Auditory tube (Eustachian Tube)

167
Q

Name the Auditory Ossicles

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

168
Q

Auditory ossicles amplify sound waves and transmit them to _______ window

A

Oval

169
Q

Oval window initiates pressure waves in inner ear _______

A

Fluid

170
Q

What three main regions compose the inner ear?

A

Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular canals

171
Q

What structure houses the membranous cochlear duct?

A

Cochlea

172
Q

What structure contains the utricle and saccule

A

Vestibule

173
Q

Equilibrium is monitored by what structure of the ear

A

Vestibule/Semicircular Canals

174
Q

_____________ detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration

A

Utricle/Saccule

175
Q

________________ detect angular acceleration

A

Semicircular ducts

176
Q

Sensory structure for hearing located within cochlear duct

A

Spiral Organ (of Corti)

177
Q

Spiral Organ (of corti) consists of ______ cells and supporting cells on basilar membrane

A

Hair

178
Q

Hair cells within ear have many ___________ and one __________ at their apex

A

Many Stereocilia

One Kinocilium

179
Q

Transducing Sound Waves to AP

  1. When the _________ membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
  2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and depolarize it
  3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
  4. When the basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly reverses.
A

basilar

180
Q

Transducing Sound Waves to AP

  1. When the basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
  2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing ______ to diffuse into the hair cell and depolarize it
  3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
  4. When the basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly reverses.
A

K+

181
Q

Transducing Sound Waves to AP

  1. When the basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
  2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and __________ it
  3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
  4. When the basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly reverses.
A

Depolarizee

182
Q

Transducing Sound Waves to AP

  1. When the basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
  2. Tip links pull open ion channels, allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and depolarize it
  3. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire AP
  4. When the basilar membrane moves _______, the process quickly reverses.
A

Down

183
Q

How do sound waves become nerve signals?

Sound waves enter ear…

  1. Vibrate ______ membrane
  2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to _______window
  3. Fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push vestibular membrane
  4. Pressure waves form in endolymph of cochlear duct
  5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
  6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
  7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN VIII fire
  8. Pressure is transmitted to scala tympani and absorbed by round window
A

Tympanic membrane

Oval Window

184
Q

How do sound waves become nerve signals?

Sound waves enter ear…

  1. Vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to oval window
  3. Fluid pressure waves in scala _________ push vestibular membrane
  4. Pressure waves form in _________ of cochlear duct
  5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
  6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
  7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN VIII fire
  8. Pressure is transmitted to scala tympani and absorbed by round window
A

Vestibuli

Endoplymph

185
Q

How do sound waves become nerve signals?

Sound waves enter ear…

  1. Vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to oval window
  3. Fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push vestibular membrane
  4. Pressure waves form in endolymph of cochlear duct
  5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
  6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
  7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN _____ fire
  8. Pressure is transmitted to scala tympani and absorbed by round window
A

VIII

186
Q

How do sound waves become nerve signals?

Sound waves enter ear…

  1. Vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to oval window
  3. Fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push vestibular membrane
  4. Pressure waves form in endolymph of cochlear duct
  5. Specific regions of basilar membrane move depending on frequency of sound
  6. Hair cells distort, and cause changes in neurotransmitter release
  7. Sensory neurons with axons in CN VIII fire
  8. Pressure is transmitted to scala ________ and absorbed by ______ window
A

Tympani

Round

187
Q

The rate of vibration in hertz

A

Frequency

188
Q

Humans can hear 20 to ____________ Hz

A

20,000

189
Q

______________ depends on wave amplitude

A

Loudness

190
Q

Auditory Pathways

  1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the _______________
  2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
  3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
  4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
A

Medulla Oblongata

191
Q

Auditory Pathways

  1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
  2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to _______ colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the _______ colliculus
  3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
  4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
A

Inferior

192
Q

Auditory Pathways

  1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
  2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior _______ nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
  3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
  4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
A

Olivary

193
Q

Auditory Pathways

  1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
  2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
  3. Nerve signals are then relayed to ________ (Medial geniculate nucleus)
  4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
A

Thalamus

194
Q

Auditory Pathways

  1. Movement of basilar membrane produces nerve signals that are propagated to cochlear nucleus within the medulla oblongata
  2. Some secondary neurons relay signals directly to inferior colliculus of midbrain, while other relay signals to superior olivary nucleus within the pons first then continue on the inferior colliculus
  3. Nerve signals are then relayed to thalamus (Medial geniculate nucleus)
  4. Then relayed to primary auditory cortex of the ________ lobe
A

Temporal

195
Q

________ Deafness: interference of wave transmission in external or middle ear

A

Conductive

196
Q

____________ Deafness: Malfunction in inner ear or cochlear nerve

A

Sensorineural deafness

197
Q

Receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration

A

Macula

198
Q

Hair cells of Macula project into gelatinous __________ membrane

A

Otolithic

199
Q

Tilting your head shifts otolithic membrane and bends __________

A

Stereocilia

200
Q

Base of each semicircular canal has swollen _________

A

Ampulla

201
Q

Ampulla contains Crista ampullaris with hair cells and supporting cells, hair cells are embedded within gelatinous _________

A

Cupula

A&P 1 (17 decks)

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