Ch. 1: The Sciences Of Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What does Anatomy study?
The form and structure of the body.
What does Physiology study?
How the body functions.
Form and function are _______________.
Interrelated
Microscopic Anatomy examines…
Structures that cannot be observed by an unaided eye. You need a microscope.
Cytology is the study of…
Body cells and their internal structure.
Histology is the study of…
Tissues.
Gross Anatomy is also known as…
Macroscopic Anatomy.
Systemic Anatomy studies…
Anatomy of each functional body system.
Pathophysiology investigates…
The relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system.
What are the body’s 8 levels of organization?
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Macromolecules (including organelles)
- Cells
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
The smallest units of matter
Atoms
One or more combined atoms forms…
Molecule
More complex molecules (Ex. Proteins, DNA)
Macromolecules
Microscopic structures within cells
Organelles
The smallest living structures.
Cells
The basic units of structure and function in organisms
Cells
Groups of similar cells performing common functions.
Tissue
Two or more tissue types performing specific functions.
Organ
Related organs working together to achieve a common function
Organ system
Highest level of structural organization.
Organism
All body systems function _______________.
Interdependently.
What does anatomic position look like?
Body Erect, Face forward, Feet together, Palms facing forward.
Describing the location of anatomical features is ALWAYS based on…
Anatomical Position.
Supine
Lying face upward
Prone
Lying face down
The ______________ plane divides the body into Left and Right sections.
Sagittal
The Sagittal plane divides the body into…
Left and right
The Midsagittal (or Median) divides the body into…
Equal left and right halves
The ____________ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Coronal (or Frontal)
The ____________ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Coronal (or Frontal)
The Coronal/Frontal plane divides the body into…
Anterior (front) & Posterior (back)
The ______________ plane divides the body into top and bottom parts
Transverse (Horizontal or cross-sectional)
The ______________ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse (Horizontal or Cross Sectional)
The Transverse/Horizontal/Cross-sectional plane divides the body into…
Top and bottom.
The ___________ plane passes through a structure at an angle other than a right angle.
Oblique
Directional Term for toward the front or toward the belly
Anterior (Ventral)
Directional Term for toward the back
Posterior (Dorsal)
Directional term for toward the head
Superior (Cephalic or Cephalad)
Directional term for away from the head.
Inferior
Directional term for toward the midline.
Medial
Directional term for away from the midline.
Lateral
Label the arrows w/ directional terms.
Label the arrows w/ directional terms.
Label the arrows w/ directional terms.
Directional term for toward the trunk on extremeties.
Proximal
Directional term for away from the trunk on extremities.
Distal
Directional term for toward the surface of the body.
Superficial
Directional term for away from the surface of the body.
Deep
Label the arrows w/ directional terms.
The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment, or “steady state,” in response to changing internal or external conditions
Homeostasis
A deviation from normal range around the set point. What is detected by the receptor.
Stimulus
What is a stimulus? And what is it detected by?
A stimulus is a deviation from the normal range around the set point, and is detected by the receptor.
What are the two types of feedback systems?
Negative & Positive
In regards to feedback systems, the _______________ monitors the value of some variable.
Receptor/ Sensor
In regards to feedback systems, the _______________ reviews information from receptors, establishes the set point, and controls the effector.
Integrating/Control center
In regards to feedback systems, the _______________ can change the value of the variable which produces a response; examples include cells, organs, and tissues.
Effector
What are the components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism?
- Stimulus
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
- Homeostasis restored
Negative feedback systems institute a change that is in the ________________ direction to the initial stimulus.
Opposite
____________ is an example of homeostatic imbalance that occurs when mechanisms for regulating blood glucose are not functioning normally.
Diabetes
Positive feedback mechanisms institute a change that is in the ___________ direction as the initial stimulus.
Same
In positive feedback mechanisms, when a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation __________, until a climactic events occurs.
Greater.
Positive feedback mechanisms amplify the response.
In a positive feedback system, once a climactic event occurs the body then returns to ___________.
Homeostasis
Examples of normal positive feedback:
Childbirth, blood clotting, breast feeding, ovulation.
Examples of harmful positive feedback:
Following hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and heart responds by pumping more rapidly, resulting in even greater blood loss.
Integumentary system provides ____________, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents water loss.
Protection
Integumentary system provides protection, regulates _____________ , site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents water loss.
Body temperature
Integumentary system provides protection, regulates body temp, site of ______________ receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents water loss.
Cutaneous
Integumentary system provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin ___ and prevents water loss.
Vitamin D
Integumentary system provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents ___________ loss.
Water
The skeletal system provides __________ and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, and provides sites for muscle attachment.
Support
The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of _______________ , stores calcium and phosphorus, and provides sites for muscle attachment.
Hemopoiesjs (Hematopoiesis) - blood cell production
The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores ____________ and phosphorus, and provides sites for muscle attachment.
Calcium
The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and ________________, and provides sites for muscle attachment.
Phosphorous
The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, and provides sites for ___________ attachment.
Muscle
The muscular system produces body movement, and generates ______ when muscles contract.
Heat
The nervous system is a regulatory system that controls ____________ and some _____________, and responds to sensory stimuli. It is also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.
Muscles & glands
The nervous system is a regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, and responds to ___________ stimuli. It is also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.
Sensory
The nervous system is a regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, and responds to sensory stimuli. It is also responsible for____________, _____________, and ___________.
Consciousness, intelligence, memory
The endocrine system consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete ____________ (which regulate development, growth, and metabolism; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes and control reproduction).
Hormones
The endocrine system consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones (which regulate development, growth, and ________________; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes and control reproduction).
Metabolism
The cardiovascular system consists of the ________ and blood vessels. The heart moves blood in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases and pick up waste products throughout the body.
Heart
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and ________ ____________.The heart moves blood in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases and pick up waste products throughout the body.
Blood vessels
The lymphatic system transports and filters _________ and participates in the body’s immune response when necessary.
Lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels)
The lymphatic system transports and filters lymph and participates in the body’s _____________ response when necessary.
Immune
What is interstitial fluid that is transported through lymph vessels?
Lymph
The _________________ system is responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood in the air and in the lungs.
Respiratory
The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases (__________ and ____________) between blood in the air and in the lungs.
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
The urinary system filters the ____________ to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.
Blood
The urinary system filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of _________, and expels urine from the body.
Urine
The ___________ system mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.
Digestive
The digestive system mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs ______________, and expels waste products.
Nutrients
The male reproductive system produces male sex cells (___________) and male hormones (___________), transfers sperm to the female.
Sperm & Testosterone
The female reproductive system produces female sex cells (_________) and female hormones (eg. ____________and ______________), produces and secretes breast milk.
Oocytes & Estrogen/progesterone
The human body is partitioned into two mains regions… the ____________ region and the ____________ region.
Axial & Appendicular
The axial region is made up of…
Head, Trunk, and Neck.
The __________ region forms the main vertical axis of the body.
Axial
The ______________ region consists of the upper and lower limbs (appendages)
Appendicular
What body region is depicted in the blue?
Axial
What body region is depicted in the yellow?
Appendicular
What are the 3 major Body Cavities?
Cranial, Vertebral, Ventral
What makes up the posterior aspect or dorsal body cavity?
Cranial cavity and vertebral canal
The ___________ cavity is formed by the bones of the cranium, and houses the brain.
Cranial
The ______________ canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column, and houses the spinal cord.
Vertebral
What cavity is depicted in blue?
Cranial cavity
What cavity is depicted in blue?
Vertebral Canal
Label the picture
- Cranial Cavity
- Vertebral Canal
- Posterior Aspect/ Dorsal Body Cavity
The ventral cavity is made up of what 3 parts?
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
- Diaphragm
The thoracic cavity is (superior or inferior) to the abdominopelvic cavity.
Superior
This structure separates that thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Diaphragm
Label the picture
- Thoracic Cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity
The ___________ cavity includes the pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity.
Thoracic
The __________ contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs/pleural cavity.
Mediastinum
The __________ cavity surrounds the heart.
Pericardial
Label the parts of the thoracic cavity:
- Mediastinum
- Pleural Cavity
- Pericardial Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is made up of: the ____________ cavity and the _____________ cavity.
Abdominal & Pelvic
Label the following:
- Abdominal cavity
2. Pelvic cavity
Label the following:
- Abdominal cavity
2. Pelvic Cavity
_________ Membranes cover the organs and lines the ventral cavity.
Serous
This covers the external surface of organs
Visceral serous membrane
This covers the internal surface of the body wall
Parietal serous membrane
The serous cavity between two membranes is filled with lubricating __________ _________that is produced by the membranes.
Serous fluid
What are the serous membranes in the thoracic body cavity?
Pericardium (around heart)
Pleura (around lungs)
Label the following serous membranes:
- Parietal Pericardium
- Pericardial
- Visceral Pericardium
Label the following serous membranes:
- Parietal Pleura
- Visceral pleura
- Pleural Cavity
What is the serous membrane in the abdominopelvic body cavity?
Peritoneum
Label the following serous membranes:
- Parietal peritoneum
- Peritoneal cavity with Serous fluid
- Visceral peritoneum
Label the Abdominopelvic quadrants:
- Right Upper
- Left Upper
- Right Lower
- Left Lower
Label the following Abdominopelvic regions:
- R. Hypochondriac
- L. Hypochondriac
- Umbilical
- R. Iliac
- L. Iliac
Label the following abdominopelvic regions:
- Epigastric
- R. Lumbar
- L. Lumbar
- Hypogastric
Label the following abdominopelvic regions:
- Epigastric
- Umbilical
- Hypogastric
