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A&P 1 > Ch. 1: The Sciences Of Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Ch. 1: The Sciences Of Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Anatomy study?

A

The form and structure of the body.

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2
Q

What does Physiology study?

A

How the body functions.

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3
Q

Form and function are _______________.

A

Interrelated

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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy examines…

A

Structures that cannot be observed by an unaided eye. You need a microscope.

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5
Q

Cytology is the study of…

A

Body cells and their internal structure.

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6
Q

Histology is the study of…

A

Tissues.

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7
Q

Gross Anatomy is also known as…

A

Macroscopic Anatomy.

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8
Q

Systemic Anatomy studies…

A

Anatomy of each functional body system.

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9
Q

Pathophysiology investigates…

A

The relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system.

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10
Q

What are the body’s 8 levels of organization?

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Macromolecules (including organelles)
  4. Cells
  5. Tissue
  6. Organ
  7. Organ system
  8. Organism
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11
Q

The smallest units of matter

A

Atoms

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12
Q

One or more combined atoms forms…

A

Molecule

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13
Q

More complex molecules (Ex. Proteins, DNA)

A

Macromolecules

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14
Q

Microscopic structures within cells

A

Organelles

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15
Q

The smallest living structures.

A

Cells

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16
Q

The basic units of structure and function in organisms

A

Cells

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17
Q

Groups of similar cells performing common functions.

A

Tissue

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18
Q

Two or more tissue types performing specific functions.

A

Organ

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19
Q

Related organs working together to achieve a common function

A

Organ system

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20
Q

Highest level of structural organization.

A

Organism

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21
Q

All body systems function _______________.

A

Interdependently.

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22
Q

What does anatomic position look like?

A

Body Erect, Face forward, Feet together, Palms facing forward.

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23
Q

Describing the location of anatomical features is ALWAYS based on…

A

Anatomical Position.

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24
Q

Supine

A

Lying face upward

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25
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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26
Q

The ______________ plane divides the body into Left and Right sections.

A

Sagittal

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27
Q

The Sagittal plane divides the body into…

A

Left and right

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28
Q

The Midsagittal (or Median) divides the body into…

A

Equal left and right halves

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29
Q

The ____________ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

A

Coronal (or Frontal)

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30
Q

The ____________ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

A

Coronal (or Frontal)

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31
Q

The Coronal/Frontal plane divides the body into…

A

Anterior (front) & Posterior (back)

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32
Q

The ______________ plane divides the body into top and bottom parts

A

Transverse (Horizontal or cross-sectional)

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33
Q

The ______________ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse (Horizontal or Cross Sectional)

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34
Q

The Transverse/Horizontal/Cross-sectional plane divides the body into…

A

Top and bottom.

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35
Q

The ___________ plane passes through a structure at an angle other than a right angle.

A

Oblique

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36
Q

Directional Term for toward the front or toward the belly

A

Anterior (Ventral)

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37
Q

Directional Term for toward the back

A

Posterior (Dorsal)

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38
Q

Directional term for toward the head

A

Superior (Cephalic or Cephalad)

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39
Q

Directional term for away from the head.

A

Inferior

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40
Q

Directional term for toward the midline.

A

Medial

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41
Q

Directional term for away from the midline.

A

Lateral

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42
Q

Label the arrows w/ directional terms.

A
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43
Q

Label the arrows w/ directional terms.

A
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44
Q

Label the arrows w/ directional terms.

A
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45
Q

Directional term for toward the trunk on extremeties.

A

Proximal

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46
Q

Directional term for away from the trunk on extremities.

A

Distal

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47
Q

Directional term for toward the surface of the body.

A

Superficial

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48
Q

Directional term for away from the surface of the body.

A

Deep

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49
Q

Label the arrows w/ directional terms.

A
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50
Q

The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment, or “steady state,” in response to changing internal or external conditions

A

Homeostasis

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51
Q

A deviation from normal range around the set point. What is detected by the receptor.

A

Stimulus

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52
Q

What is a stimulus? And what is it detected by?

A

A stimulus is a deviation from the normal range around the set point, and is detected by the receptor.

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53
Q

What are the two types of feedback systems?

A

Negative & Positive

54
Q

In regards to feedback systems, the _______________ monitors the value of some variable.

A

Receptor/ Sensor

55
Q

In regards to feedback systems, the _______________ reviews information from receptors, establishes the set point, and controls the effector.

A

Integrating/Control center

56
Q

In regards to feedback systems, the _______________ can change the value of the variable which produces a response; examples include cells, organs, and tissues.

A

Effector

57
Q

What are the components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Control center
  4. Effector
  5. Homeostasis restored
58
Q

Negative feedback systems institute a change that is in the ________________ direction to the initial stimulus.

A

Opposite

59
Q

____________ is an example of homeostatic imbalance that occurs when mechanisms for regulating blood glucose are not functioning normally.

A

Diabetes

60
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms institute a change that is in the ___________ direction as the initial stimulus.

A

Same

61
Q

In positive feedback mechanisms, when a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation __________, until a climactic events occurs.

A

Greater.

Positive feedback mechanisms amplify the response.

62
Q

In a positive feedback system, once a climactic event occurs the body then returns to ___________.

A

Homeostasis

63
Q

Examples of normal positive feedback:

A

Childbirth, blood clotting, breast feeding, ovulation.

64
Q

Examples of harmful positive feedback:

A

Following hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and heart responds by pumping more rapidly, resulting in even greater blood loss.

65
Q

Integumentary system provides ____________, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents water loss.

A

Protection

66
Q

Integumentary system provides protection, regulates _____________ , site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents water loss.

A

Body temperature

67
Q

Integumentary system provides protection, regulates body temp, site of ______________ receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents water loss.

A

Cutaneous

68
Q

Integumentary system provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin ___ and prevents water loss.

A

Vitamin D

69
Q

Integumentary system provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors and glands, synthesizes vitamin D and prevents ___________ loss.

A

Water

70
Q

The skeletal system provides __________ and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, and provides sites for muscle attachment.

A

Support

71
Q

The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of _______________ , stores calcium and phosphorus, and provides sites for muscle attachment.

A

Hemopoiesjs (Hematopoiesis) - blood cell production

72
Q

The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores ____________ and phosphorus, and provides sites for muscle attachment.

A

Calcium

73
Q

The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and ________________, and provides sites for muscle attachment.

A

Phosphorous

74
Q

The skeletal system provides support and protection, is the site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, and provides sites for ___________ attachment.

A

Muscle

75
Q

The muscular system produces body movement, and generates ______ when muscles contract.

A

Heat

76
Q

The nervous system is a regulatory system that controls ____________ and some _____________, and responds to sensory stimuli. It is also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.

A

Muscles & glands

77
Q

The nervous system is a regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, and responds to ___________ stimuli. It is also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.

A

Sensory

78
Q

The nervous system is a regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, and responds to sensory stimuli. It is also responsible for____________, _____________, and ___________.

A

Consciousness, intelligence, memory

79
Q

The endocrine system consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete ____________ (which regulate development, growth, and metabolism; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes and control reproduction).

A

Hormones

80
Q

The endocrine system consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones (which regulate development, growth, and ________________; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes and control reproduction).

A

Metabolism

81
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of the ________ and blood vessels. The heart moves blood in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases and pick up waste products throughout the body.

A

Heart

82
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and ________ ____________.The heart moves blood in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases and pick up waste products throughout the body.

A

Blood vessels

83
Q

The lymphatic system transports and filters _________ and participates in the body’s immune response when necessary.

A

Lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels)

84
Q

The lymphatic system transports and filters lymph and participates in the body’s _____________ response when necessary.

A

Immune

85
Q

What is interstitial fluid that is transported through lymph vessels?

A

Lymph

86
Q

The _________________ system is responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood in the air and in the lungs.

A

Respiratory

87
Q

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases (__________ and ____________) between blood in the air and in the lungs.

A

Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

88
Q

The urinary system filters the ____________ to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.

A

Blood

89
Q

The urinary system filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of _________, and expels urine from the body.

A

Urine

90
Q

The ___________ system mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.

A

Digestive

91
Q

The digestive system mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs ______________, and expels waste products.

A

Nutrients

92
Q

The male reproductive system produces male sex cells (___________) and male hormones (___________), transfers sperm to the female.

A

Sperm & Testosterone

93
Q

The female reproductive system produces female sex cells (_________) and female hormones (eg. ____________and ______________), produces and secretes breast milk.

A

Oocytes & Estrogen/progesterone

94
Q

The human body is partitioned into two mains regions… the ____________ region and the ____________ region.

A

Axial & Appendicular

95
Q

The axial region is made up of…

A

Head, Trunk, and Neck.

96
Q

The __________ region forms the main vertical axis of the body.

A

Axial

97
Q

The ______________ region consists of the upper and lower limbs (appendages)

A

Appendicular

98
Q

What body region is depicted in the blue?

A

Axial

99
Q

What body region is depicted in the yellow?

A

Appendicular

100
Q

What are the 3 major Body Cavities?

A

Cranial, Vertebral, Ventral

101
Q

What makes up the posterior aspect or dorsal body cavity?

A

Cranial cavity and vertebral canal

102
Q

The ___________ cavity is formed by the bones of the cranium, and houses the brain.

A

Cranial

103
Q

The ______________ canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column, and houses the spinal cord.

A

Vertebral

104
Q

What cavity is depicted in blue?

A

Cranial cavity

105
Q

What cavity is depicted in blue?

A

Vertebral Canal

106
Q

Label the picture

A
  1. Cranial Cavity
  2. Vertebral Canal
  3. Posterior Aspect/ Dorsal Body Cavity
107
Q

The ventral cavity is made up of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity
  2. Abdominopelvic cavity
  3. Diaphragm
108
Q

The thoracic cavity is (superior or inferior) to the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Superior

109
Q

This structure separates that thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

A

Diaphragm

110
Q

Label the picture

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity

2. Abdominopelvic cavity

111
Q

The ___________ cavity includes the pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity.

A

Thoracic

112
Q

The __________ contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs/pleural cavity.

A

Mediastinum

113
Q

The __________ cavity surrounds the heart.

A

Pericardial

114
Q

Label the parts of the thoracic cavity:

A
  1. Mediastinum
  2. Pleural Cavity
  3. Pericardial Cavity
115
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is made up of: the ____________ cavity and the _____________ cavity.

A

Abdominal & Pelvic

116
Q

Label the following:

A
  1. Abdominal cavity

2. Pelvic cavity

117
Q

Label the following:

A
  1. Abdominal cavity

2. Pelvic Cavity

118
Q

_________ Membranes cover the organs and lines the ventral cavity.

A

Serous

119
Q

This covers the external surface of organs

A

Visceral serous membrane

120
Q

This covers the internal surface of the body wall

A

Parietal serous membrane

121
Q

The serous cavity between two membranes is filled with lubricating __________ _________that is produced by the membranes.

A

Serous fluid

122
Q

What are the serous membranes in the thoracic body cavity?

A

Pericardium (around heart)

Pleura (around lungs)

123
Q

Label the following serous membranes:

A
  1. Parietal Pericardium
  2. Pericardial
  3. Visceral Pericardium
124
Q

Label the following serous membranes:

A
  1. Parietal Pleura
  2. Visceral pleura
  3. Pleural Cavity
125
Q

What is the serous membrane in the abdominopelvic body cavity?

A

Peritoneum

126
Q

Label the following serous membranes:

A
  1. Parietal peritoneum
  2. Peritoneal cavity with Serous fluid
  3. Visceral peritoneum
127
Q

Label the Abdominopelvic quadrants:

A
  1. Right Upper
  2. Left Upper
  3. Right Lower
  4. Left Lower
128
Q

Label the following Abdominopelvic regions:

A
  1. R. Hypochondriac
  2. L. Hypochondriac
  3. Umbilical
  4. R. Iliac
  5. L. Iliac
129
Q

Label the following abdominopelvic regions:

A
  1. Epigastric
  2. R. Lumbar
  3. L. Lumbar
  4. Hypogastric
130
Q

Label the following abdominopelvic regions:

A
  1. Epigastric
  2. Umbilical
  3. Hypogastric

A&P 1 (17 decks)

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