Ch. 13 Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards
4 Major Portions of the Brain
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- BrainStem
Ridges of outer surface of brain
Gyri
Depressions of outer surface of brain
Sulci
Deep Sulci of outer surface of brain
Fissures
Another term for Anterior
Rostral
Another term for rostral
Anterior
Another term for posterior
Caudal
_______ Matter: Made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and Unmyelinated axons.
Gray
What type of brain matter contains unmyelinated axons?
Grey Matter
Gray matter surface of the cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Regions of grey matter (clusters of cell bodies) found deep in the cerebrum
Cerebral Nuclei
_________ Matter: Consists of myelinated axons
White
Connective tissue membrane surrounding the CNS
Meninges
This meninges is the most superficial, termed “tough mother”
Dura Mater
Dura Mater is made of what type of CT
Dense irregular
This meninges is made of web like collagen and elastic fibers
Arachnoid Mater
This meninges is bound tightly to the brain
Pia Mater
Pia mater is made of what type of CT
Areolar CT
The epidural and subdural spaces between Meninges contains ___________
Blood Vessels
The subarachnoid space contains ___________
CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)
Cavities filled with CSF and lined with Ependymal Cells.
Ventricles
Clear, colorless liquid surrounding CNS.
Provides buoyancy, cushioning, and stable chemical environment.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
The choroid plexus forms….
CSF
In the Blood Brain Barrier, endothelial cells are connected by many ______ Junctions.
Tight
In the Blood Brain Barrier, specialized capillaries are wrapped by ______________ feet (Astrocyte Extensions)
Perivascular
The BBB functions to…
- _________ the substances entering brain’s interstitial fluid
- Helps prevent neuron exposure to __________ substances (ex. drugs, waste)
- Regulate
- Harmful
Origin of all complex intellectual functions
Cerebrum
Made up of two large hemispheres on superior aspect of the brain
Cerebrum
The _________ is the center of…
Intelligence and reasoning, memory, judgement, voluntary motor activities.
Cerebrum
The largest white matter tract connecting the 2 hemispheres of the Cerebrum.
Corpus callosum
In the cerebrum, connections with the body are normally __________.
crossed
In the Cerebrum, the left hemisphere receives sensory signals from the _______ side of the body and sends motor signals to the _______ side of the body.
Right & Right
Term recognizing that a few higher-order functions are primarily controlled by one side of the brain
Lateralization
Speech is frequently located in _______ cerebral hemisphere.
Left
The Primary Motor Cortex is part of what lobe of the cerebrum?
Frontal
The primary motor cortex is located in the ____________ gyrus, of the frontal lobe.
Precentral
This functional area of the cerebrum controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite sides of the body.
Primary motor cortex
Motor_____________; a map of controlled body regions whose proportions reflect the amount of cortex dedicated to each region
Homunculus
This functional area of the cerebrum controls movements for vocalization.
Motor speech Area // Broca Area
This functional area of the cerebrum coordinates learned, skilled activites
Premotor Cortex
Broca’s area (Motor speech area) is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Frontal
Premotor Cortex is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Frontal
The Somatic Motor Association Area is also known as the…
Premotor Cortex
This functional area of the cerebrum receives somatic sensory information from… Proprioceptors, touch, pressure, pain, temp. receptors.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
This functional area of the cerebrum integrates touch information allowing for us to identify objects by feel
Somatosensory association area
The Primary Somatosensory cortex is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Parietal
The Somatosensory Association Area is found in what lobe of the Cerebrum?
Parietal
Sensory ________: Distorted proportions reflect the amount of sensory information collected from the region. Large regions for lips, fingers, genitals.
Homunculus
This functional area of the cerebrum integrates color, form, and allows us to identify things from memory. Serves as visual association area.
Primary visual cortex.
The Primary Visual cortex is located in what lobe of the Cerebrum?
Occipital
This functional area of the cerebrum is the auditory association area, interprets sounds, stores and retrieves memories of sounds.
Primary Auditory cortex
The primary auditory cortex is located in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Temporal
This functional area of the cerebrum provides conscious awareness of smells.
Primary Olfactory Cortex
The Primary olfactory cortex is found in what lobe of the cerebrum?
Temporal
This functional area of the cerebrum is located within the insula and is involved in processing taste information.
Primary Gustatory Cortex
This functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for complex thought, judgement, personality, planning, and decision making.
Prefrontal Cortex
This functional area of the cerebrum is involved in language comprehension.
Wernicke’s Area
This functional area of the cerebrum integrates information from a variety of sensory association areas. Sights, smells, sound converge and brain becomes aware of situation.
Gnostic area // Common Integrative Area
_________ tracts: groups of white matter within the same hemisphere.
Association
________________ tracts: groups of white matter between 2 hemispheres. Ex. Corpus Callosum
Commissural
__________ tracts: Link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
(ex. Internal Capsule)
Projection
Cerebral _______: grey matter deep in cerebrum that help regulate motor output
Nuclei
__________ Nucleus: Helps produce pattern and rhythm of walking movements.
Caudate
Disease of these nuclei are associated with involuntary movements
cerebral nuclei
__________ Nucleus: Made up of Putamen and Globus Pallidus
Lentiform
____________: Part of Lentiform Nucleus, helps control movements at subconscious level
Putamen
__________________: Part of Lentiform Nucleus, influences thalamus to adjust muscle tone
Globus Pallidus
______________ Body is also known as the Amygdala
Amygdaloid
Amygdaloid body is a ___________ nuclei.
Cerebral
This part of the cerebral nuclei functions in mood, and emotions
Amygdala
This part of the cerebral nuclei processes visual information on a subconscious level.
Claustrum
This part of the cerebral nuclei has a striated or striped appearance of the internal capsule, and includes the Caudate nucleus and Lentiform nucleus
Corpus Striatum
______________: Provides relays and switching centers for sensory, motor, and visceral pathways.
Diencephalon
_____________: Includes Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
Diencephalon
The epithalamus covers what ventricle/
third
The pineal gland and habenular nuclei are found in what structure?
Epithalamus
____________ gland: Endocrine gland secreting melatonin, responsible for circadian rhythm
Pineal
___________ nuclei: Helps relay signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors
Habenular
Oval masses of grey matter on lateral sides of third ventricle
Thalamus
Connects left and right thalamus
Interthalamic region
The thalamus receives signals from all conscious senses except…
Olfaction
Thalamus is composed of ~12 ___________ nuclei
Thalamic
_____________: stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
Infundibulum
This region of the Diencephalon is responsible for… HR, BP, body temp, emotional bx, food and water intake, and sleep-wake rhythms.
Hypothalamus
Connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord.
Brain stem
The brainstem contains ___________ and ________ tracts.
Ascending & Descending
Contains autonomic nuclei, nuclei of cranial nerves, and reflex centers.
Brain Stem
____________: Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Cerebral _________ of Midbrain carry voluntary motor commands from primary motor cortex, via motor tracts
Penduncles
_____________: contains 4 mounds, making a tectal plate
Tectum
___________ Colliculi of Tectal plate control visual reflexes and tracking.
Superior
___________ Colliculi of Tectal plate control Auditory Reflexes
inferior
Medial ____________: part of midbrain that has bands of ascending, myelinated axons running through the brainstem.
Lemniscus
Cluster of cells within midbrain, with black appearance d/t melanin.
Substantia Nigra
This structure houses neurons producing dopamine
Substantia Nigra
Degeneration of this structure results in Parkinson’s disease
Substantia Nigra
This part of the midbrain is involved in postural motor control, contains red nuclei and reticular formation.
Tegmentum
The Tegmentum houses nuclei of CN _____ and ______
III and IV
This structure of the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricles, and is surrounded by Periaqueductal gray matter
Cerebral Aqueduct
Bulging region on anterior brainstem, includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord
Pons
The ________ includes the respiratory center, the superior olivary nuclei, and cranial nerve nuclei to CN V to CN VIII
Pons
The Superior olivary nuclei in the Pons helps with sound _________________.
Localization
The pons has cranial nerve nuclei for CN _____ TO CN _____
CN V to CN VIII
This structure is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly, and contains pyramids, olives.
Medulla Oblongata
The ________ of the Medulla Oblongata house the corticospinal tracts for motor control.
Pyramids
Most Corticospinal tract axons cross at the ______________ of the pyramids.
Decussation
The _____________ of the medulla oblongata relay proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.
Olives
Within the medulla oblongata, the ____________ center regulates the heart’s output.
Cardiac
Within the medulla oblongata, the _____________ center regulates blood vessel diameter.
Vasomotor
Within the medulla oblongata, the ______________ Respiratory Center contains nuclei for various functions including coughing, sneezing, vomiting.
Medullary
Within the Medulla Oblongata, the Nucleus ____________ and Nucleus _______________ receive somatic sensory information, and send signals through medial lemniscus to thalamus.
Cuneatus and Gracilis
The 2nd largest brain area
Cerebellum
Convoluted surface of the Cerebellum with folia (folds)
Cerebellar Cortex
The _________ of the Cerebellum receives sensory signals regarding the torso and balance.
Vermis
The _____________ of the Cerebellum is the internal region of white matter.
Arbor Vitae
The three Cerebellar Peduncles are:
___________: To midbrain
__________: To Pons
_____________: To Medulla Oblongata
Superior : To midbrain
Middle : To Pons
Inferior : To Medulla Oblongata
This structure of the brain is responsible for coordinating and “fine-tuning” movements, helps maintain equilibrium and posture, and stores memories of previously learned movements.
Cerebellum
Drugs and alcohol can impair the function of what brain region? Leading to disturbance of gait, loss of balance, and inability to detect proprioceptive information.
Cerebellum
this system is also known as the “Emotional Brain”
Limbic System
Composed of Cingulate Gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix
Limbic System
This structure helps form long-term memories
Hippocampus
(Hint: you would remember a hippo on campus)
The Amygdala is responsible for emotions and emotional memory, especially what emotion?
Fear
This structure connects the hippocampus with other limbic structures
Fornix
Loosely organized grey matter of the brainstem.
Reticular Formation
The motor component of the ___________________ regulates muscle tone via spinal cord connections.
Reticular Formation
The sensory component of the reticular formation is also known a the…
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
The Reticular activating system is the __________ component of the reticular formation
Sensory
The _______________ of the Reticular formation is necessary for the highest state of consciousness.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
