Ch. 3: Energy, Rxns, And Cell Respiration Flashcards
The capacity to do work.
Energy
Energy of motion.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of position or stored energy
Potential energy
What is the most important form of energy in the body? It is released when bonds are broken during rxns.
Chemical energy
___________ Energy: Movement of charged particles
Electrical
__________ energy: objects in motion due to applied force
Mechanical
_________ energy: Molecule compression caused by a vibrating object.
Sound
_________ energy: Energy of electromagnetic waves
Radiant
The Kinetic energy of random motion produces….
Heat
Term that describes all biochemical reactions in a living organism.
Metabolism
Catabolic Reaction (Decomposition)
Reaction where an initial large molecule is broken down into smaller structures.
Anabolic Reaction (Synthesis)
Reaction where two or more molecules are combined to form a larger molecule.
Type of reaction with both decomposition and synthesis reactions where groups are exchanged between two chemical structures.
Exchange reaction
Redox reactions: where _________ are moved from one chemical structure to another.
Electrons
Oxidation is ____________ an electron.
Losing
Reduction is __________ an electron
Gaining
Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur…
Together
In an example of a redox reaction… NAD+ is ___________ to form NADH
Reduced
Exergonic Reaction: When reactants have ________ potential energy within their chemical bonds than the products.
More.
In exergonic reactions, energy is __________
Released
Endergonic Reaction: reactants have _________ potential energy within their chemical bonds than products.
Less
In an endergonic reaction, energy is __________
Supplied.
What is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
A reversible reactions will remain in _________ if left undisturbed.
Equilibrium
Where do reactants attach to enzymes?
At the active site
________________ hypothesis: Enzymes change shape to accommodate the shape of specific reactants.
Induced fit
_____________ : combine with active site and activate enzymes
Cofactors
Organic cofactors
Coenzymes
The energy required to break existing chemical bonds in an enzyme rxn.
Activation energy
Enzymes ___________ the activation energy of cellular rxns
Decrease
The law of _______________ says… increasing the amount of reactants will increase the rxn rate in the forward direction. And increasing the amount of products will increase the reaction rate in the reverse direction.
Mass action
What conditions influence the reaction rates of enzymes?
pH and Temp.
Addition of a phosphate group is performed by…
Protein Kinases
Removal of a phosphate group is performed by _____________
Phosphatases.
Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation can activate and inactivate ___________
Enzymes.
Cellular respiration is an exergonic or endergonic reaction?
Exergonic
___________ is required for cellular respiration
Oxygen
Glucose ___________ step-by-step breakdown of glucose with energy release.
Oxidation
Products of glucose oxidation include carbon dioxide and ________.
Water
Products of glucose oxidation include _____________ and water.
Carbon dioxide
Substrate level ___________ - A phosphate group is directly transferred from a metabolic intermediate ADP to form ATP
phosphorylation
___________________ phosphorylation - Indirect process where energy transfer to co-enzyme first then transferred to form ATP.
Oxidative
Most ATP is formed through which type of phosphorylation?
Oxidative
Oxidative phosphorylation requires the electron _________ system and oxygen
transport
4 Stages of Glucose Oxidation
- _________
- Intermediate stage
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transport System
Glycolysis
4 Stages of Glucose Oxidation
- Glycolysis
- ____________
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transport System
Intermediate stage
4 Stages of Glucose Oxidation
- Glycolysis
- Intermediate stage
- ________________
- Electron Transport System
Citric Acid Cycle
4 Stages of Glucose Oxidation
- Glycolysis
- Intermediate stage
- Citric Acid Cycle
- _____________
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell?
Cytoplasm
Glycolysis does not require what molecule?
Oxygen
The intermediate stage of glucose oxidation occurs in the ______________.
Mitochondria
The Citric Acid Cycle occurs where in the cell?
Mitochondria
The electron transport chain occurs where in the cell?
Mitochondria
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two ___________ molecules.
Pyruvate
Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
3 Main Events of Glycolysis
- ______________of glucose (Energy Investment)
- Splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
- Net production of 2 NADH and 2 ATP (Energy Payoff)
Phosphorylation
3 Main Events of Glycolysis
- Phosphorylation of glucose (Energy Investment)
- Splitting of glucose into ____(#) molecules of pyruvate
- Net production of 2 NADH and 2 ATP (Energy Payoff)
Two
3 Main Events of Glycolysis
- Phosphorylation of glucose (Energy Investment)
- Splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
- Net production of ___ (#) NADH and __ (#) ATP (Energy Payoff)
2 NADH and 2 ATP
Intermediate Stage of Glucose Oxidation
If oxygen is available, 2 pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to 2 _________ molecules
acetyl CoA
Intermediate Stage of Glucose Oxidation
Products Generated
acetyl coA.
_________,
NADH
CO2
Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA combines with __________ to form citric acid (citrate)
Oxaloacetate (OAA)
Citric Acid Cycle
_____ (#) turns of cycle per glucose molecule
Two
NAD+ is _______ to form NADH
Reduced
FAD is __________ to form FADH2
Reduced
Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2 release ____ and energy to make ATP
electrons
Electron transport chain is a series of ____ pumps and electron carriers.
hydrogen (H+)
ATP _________ allows for passage of H+ during ETC
Synthase
