Ch. 2: Atoms, Ions, Molecules Flashcards
____________ : A molecule composed of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Can be ionic or molecular.
Compound
What kind of bonds are formed when cations and anions are bound together by electrostatic forces?
Ionic
Salts (Ex. NaCl) are made up of what types of bonds?
Ionic
When atoms are bonded due to a sharing of electrons this is called a ___________ bond.
Covalent
Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared ___________.
Equally
Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared ___________.
Unequally
Amphipathic
A molecule with polar and non-polar regions.
A molecule with polar and non-polar regions.
Amphipathic Molecule
Hydrogen bonds are generally (strong or weak) chemical attractions between molecules.
Weak
__________ bonds form by the attraction of opposite partial charges between two polar molecules.
Hydrogen
Substances that dissolve and or dissociate in water are considered…
Hydrophilic
Electrolytes can conduct ____________.
Current
Ions and polar molecules are [hydrophilic or hydrophobic]
Hydrophilic
Substances that do not dissolve in water are considered…
Hydrophobic
[hydrophilic or hydrophobic] substances require carrier proteins to be transported within the blood.
(Ex. fats and cholesterol)
Hydrophobic
Are hydrophobic molecules polar or nonpolar?
Nonpolar
________ dissociate in water to produce H+ and an anion.
Acids
Acids are proton ___________.
Donors
A strong acid dissociates _________ into its ions.
Completely
_________ Accept H+ when added to solution.
Bases
Bases are proton ___________.
Acceptors
When added to solution _________ decrease the concentration of free H+
Bases
When added to solution ____________ increase the concentration of free H+
Acids
pH is a measure of ____________
[H+] Concentration
Moving from one increment on the pH scale to the next is a _________ change.
10x, ten fold
___________ help prevent major changes in pH if excess acid or base is added to a solution.
Buffers
The pH of blood must remain around _________.
7.4
What is the buffer system in blood?
Carbonic acid Bicarbonate + H+
H2CO3 HCO3+ + H+
Dehydration Synthesis is also known as
Condensation
In a dehydration synthesis rxn, _____________ is removed and a new covalent bond is formed.
Water
In a dehydration synthesis rxn, water is removed and a new _____________ bond is formed
Covalent
Hydrolysis results in the ___________ of biomolecules.
Breakdown
In a hydrolysis rxn, ________ is added to break bonds.
Water
Carbohydrates contain __________ monomers.
Sugar
Nucleic acids contain ___________ monomers.
Nucleotide
Proteins contain __________ monomers.
Amino acid
_________: the only category of bio molecules that are not polymers.
Lipids
Lipids are (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
Hydrophobic
__________: Biomolecule that can function as stored energy, cellular membrane components, and hormones.
Lipids
Saturated fatty acids _________ double bonds.
Lack.
Saturated fatty acids are ___________ at room temperature.
Solid
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more ______________ .
Double bond
Unsaturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature.
Liquid
The most common lipid in humans?
Triglycerides
___________ : long-term energy storage in adipose tissue.
Triglycerides
The formation of triglycerides, that occurs when nutrients are in excess.
Lipogenesis.
The breakdown of triglycerides, when nutrients are needed.
Lipolysis
Triglycerides are made up of a ____________ molecule, and three ________________.
Glycerol molecule & 3 Fatty Acids
Amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are made up of a ___________ head and a ___________ tail. (Polar/NonPolar)
Polar Head & Nonpolar Tail
A class of molecules composed of hydrocarbons arranged in a four carbon ring structure.
Steroids
This steroid is a component of animal plasma membranes, and a precursor to other steroids
Cholesterol
____________ are modified fatty acids that act as local signaling molecules, primarily fxn in the immune response and nervous system communication.
Eicosanoids
Carbohydrates are (Polar or Nonpolar)
Polar
Carbohydrates function as a ___________ source.
Energy
Monosaccharides are also known as …
Simple sugars
__________ is the most common monosaccharide.
Glucose
____________ is the primary nutrient supplying energy to cells.
Glucose
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are examples of ______-carbon sugars
Six (6)
ATP, DNA, and RNA all contain ____-carbon sugars.
Five (5)
Disaccharides are two simple sugars joined by what type of reaction?
Dehydration Synthesis
_________ is the storage polysaccharide in animals.
Glycogen
___________ and ___________ are the storage polysaccharides found in plants.
Starch and Cellulose
What biomolecule stores and transfers genetic information?
Nucleic Acids
Monomers of nucleic acids are…
Nucleotides
What three components make up a nucleotide?
- 5-carbon sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
- 5-carbon sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
These three things make up what?
Nucleotide
What are the two classes of nitrogenous bases?
Purines and pyrimidines
Pyrimidines consist of _____-ring bases
One
Purines consist of _____-ring bases.
Two
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are what type of nitrogenous bases?
Pyrimidines
Adenine and Guanine are what type of Nitrogenous bases?
Purines
DNA can be found in what 2 organelles?
Nucleus (In chromosomes) & Mitochondria
Nucleic acids (in a single strand) are held together with _______ bonds
Phosphodiester
The double strands of DNA are held together by _______ bonds.
Hydrogen
Complementary strands of DNA run ___________ to each other.
Antiparallel
RNA is found in what 2 places in the cell?
Nucleus & Cytoplasm
____________: Single-stranded nucleic acid, responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of protiens.
RNA
_______________ is the central molecule involved in the transfer of chemical energy within the cell.
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
cAMP, cGMP, NAD+, and FAD are all examples of ______________ containing molecules.
Nucleotide
__________ bonds - Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
Peptide
Proteins have many functions including…
Serve as _________ in metabolic rxns
Form ion and transport channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to structural support,
as well as many other tasks.
Catalysts
Proteins have many functions including…
Serve as catalysts in metabolic rxns
Form ion and _________ channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to structural support,
as well as many other tasks.
Transport
Proteins have many functions including…
Serve as catalysts in metabolic rxns
Form ion and transport channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to ________ support,
as well as many other tasks.
Structural
_________ structure: Linear sequence of Amino Acids in a protein.
Primary
__________ structure: Structural patterns within a protein that result from hydrogen bonds
Secondary
__________ structure: Three Dimensional shape of poly-peptide chain
Tertiary
What are the two types of secondary protein structure?
Alpha Helix & Beta Sheet
What are the two categories of tertiary protein structure?
Globular (compact shape) & Fibrous (extended linear molecules)
_____________ structure: Present in proteins made up of two or more polypeptide chains.
Quaternary
______________ is the 3D shape of a protein, dependent on intramolecular attractions b/w amino acids.
Conformation
A conformational change to a protein, that usually disturbs protein activity is ….
Denaturation
____________ of proteins is usually irreversible and results from changes in temperature and pH.
Denaturation
___________: Is the smallest particle exhibiting chemical properties of an Element
Atom
Atomic number is equivalent to the number of _______ in an atom.
Protons
The average atomic mass is the mass of _________ +____________
Protons + Neutrons
The Superscript represents…
Atomic Mass of Carbon (12)
The subscript represents…
The atomic number of carbon (6) or the number of protons
Atoms with _________ electron orbitals are more reactive.
Incomplete, Unfilled
Each orbital holds _______ electrons.
two
The first shell has one orbital and thus can hold ______ electrons
2
The second shell has _____ orbitals and can this hold 8 electrons.
Four
Ions with more than one atom
Polyatomic ions
Water composes _________ of the human body by weight.
⅔
Water is a polar molecule that can form ____ hydrogen bonds w/ adjacent molecules.
Four (4)
What three properties does water have that make it so important in body functions?
Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension
The tension between liquid water and surrounding gas
Surface tension
Force that holds two or more water molecules together
Cohesion
Water has a high specific heat, this means…
A relatively large amount of heat is required to raise the temperature of water.
Important for homeostasis
Water has a high heat of vaporization, this means…
A relatively large amount of heat is required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase.
Water is known as a universal __________ .
Solvent…b/c most substances dissolve in it
In a _______________, materials separate unless stirred.
Suspension
In a _______________ - tiny particles are dispersed through a medium.
Colloid
A _____________ is when substances are physically mixed but not chemically combined
Mixture
A ______________ is a mixture of liquids, gases, or solids that are uniformly distributed.
Solution
________: That which dissolves the solute.
Solvent
__________: That which dissolves the solvent.
Solute
_____________: Number of particles of solute per volume of solution.
Concentration
Reflects the number of particles dissolved in one liter or kilogram of water.
Osmolarity/Osmolality
One Osmole is equal to…
Avogadros # / 1 kg of water
