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A&P 1 > Ch. 2: Atoms, Ions, Molecules > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Atoms, Ions, Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

____________ : A molecule composed of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Can be ionic or molecular.

A

Compound

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2
Q

What kind of bonds are formed when cations and anions are bound together by electrostatic forces?

A

Ionic

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3
Q

Salts (Ex. NaCl) are made up of what types of bonds?

A

Ionic

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4
Q

When atoms are bonded due to a sharing of electrons this is called a ___________ bond.

A

Covalent

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5
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared ___________.

A

Equally

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6
Q

Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared ___________.

A

Unequally

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7
Q

Amphipathic

A

A molecule with polar and non-polar regions.

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8
Q

A molecule with polar and non-polar regions.

A

Amphipathic Molecule

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds are generally (strong or weak) chemical attractions between molecules.

A

Weak

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10
Q

__________ bonds form by the attraction of opposite partial charges between two polar molecules.

A

Hydrogen

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11
Q

Substances that dissolve and or dissociate in water are considered…

A

Hydrophilic

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12
Q

Electrolytes can conduct ____________.

A

Current

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13
Q

Ions and polar molecules are [hydrophilic or hydrophobic]

A

Hydrophilic

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14
Q

Substances that do not dissolve in water are considered…

A

Hydrophobic

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15
Q

[hydrophilic or hydrophobic] substances require carrier proteins to be transported within the blood.

(Ex. fats and cholesterol)

A

Hydrophobic

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16
Q

Are hydrophobic molecules polar or nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar

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17
Q

________ dissociate in water to produce H+ and an anion.

A

Acids

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18
Q

Acids are proton ___________.

A

Donors

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19
Q

A strong acid dissociates _________ into its ions.

A

Completely

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20
Q

_________ Accept H+ when added to solution.

A

Bases

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21
Q

Bases are proton ___________.

A

Acceptors

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22
Q

When added to solution _________ decrease the concentration of free H+

A

Bases

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23
Q

When added to solution ____________ increase the concentration of free H+

A

Acids

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24
Q

pH is a measure of ____________

A

[H+] Concentration

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25
Q

Moving from one increment on the pH scale to the next is a _________ change.

A

10x, ten fold

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26
Q

___________ help prevent major changes in pH if excess acid or base is added to a solution.

A

Buffers

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27
Q

The pH of blood must remain around _________.

A

7.4

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28
Q

What is the buffer system in blood?

A

Carbonic acid Bicarbonate + H+
H2CO3 HCO3+ + H+

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29
Q

Dehydration Synthesis is also known as

A

Condensation

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30
Q

In a dehydration synthesis rxn, _____________ is removed and a new covalent bond is formed.

A

Water

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31
Q

In a dehydration synthesis rxn, water is removed and a new _____________ bond is formed

A

Covalent

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32
Q

Hydrolysis results in the ___________ of biomolecules.

A

Breakdown

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33
Q

In a hydrolysis rxn, ________ is added to break bonds.

A

Water

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34
Q

Carbohydrates contain __________ monomers.

A

Sugar

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35
Q

Nucleic acids contain ___________ monomers.

A

Nucleotide

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36
Q

Proteins contain __________ monomers.

A

Amino acid

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37
Q

_________: the only category of bio molecules that are not polymers.

A

Lipids

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38
Q

Lipids are (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

A

Hydrophobic

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39
Q

__________: Biomolecule that can function as stored energy, cellular membrane components, and hormones.

A

Lipids

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40
Q

Saturated fatty acids _________ double bonds.

A

Lack.

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41
Q

Saturated fatty acids are ___________ at room temperature.

A

Solid

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42
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more ______________ .

A

Double bond

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43
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature.

A

Liquid

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44
Q

The most common lipid in humans?

A

Triglycerides

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45
Q

___________ : long-term energy storage in adipose tissue.

A

Triglycerides

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46
Q

The formation of triglycerides, that occurs when nutrients are in excess.

A

Lipogenesis.

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47
Q

The breakdown of triglycerides, when nutrients are needed.

A

Lipolysis

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48
Q

Triglycerides are made up of a ____________ molecule, and three ________________.

A

Glycerol molecule & 3 Fatty Acids

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49
Q

Amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

50
Q

Phospholipids are made up of a ___________ head and a ___________ tail. (Polar/NonPolar)

A

Polar Head & Nonpolar Tail

51
Q

A class of molecules composed of hydrocarbons arranged in a four carbon ring structure.

A

Steroids

52
Q

This steroid is a component of animal plasma membranes, and a precursor to other steroids

A

Cholesterol

53
Q

____________ are modified fatty acids that act as local signaling molecules, primarily fxn in the immune response and nervous system communication.

A

Eicosanoids

54
Q

Carbohydrates are (Polar or Nonpolar)

A

Polar

55
Q

Carbohydrates function as a ___________ source.

A

Energy

56
Q

Monosaccharides are also known as …

A

Simple sugars

57
Q

__________ is the most common monosaccharide.

A

Glucose

58
Q

____________ is the primary nutrient supplying energy to cells.

A

Glucose

59
Q

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are examples of ______-carbon sugars

A

Six (6)

60
Q

ATP, DNA, and RNA all contain ____-carbon sugars.

A

Five (5)

61
Q

Disaccharides are two simple sugars joined by what type of reaction?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

62
Q

_________ is the storage polysaccharide in animals.

A

Glycogen

63
Q

___________ and ___________ are the storage polysaccharides found in plants.

A

Starch and Cellulose

64
Q

What biomolecule stores and transfers genetic information?

A

Nucleic Acids

65
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids are…

A

Nucleotides

66
Q

What three components make up a nucleotide?

A
  1. 5-carbon sugar
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous base
67
Q
  1. 5-carbon sugar
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous base

These three things make up what?

A

Nucleotide

68
Q

What are the two classes of nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines and pyrimidines

69
Q

Pyrimidines consist of _____-ring bases

A

One

70
Q

Purines consist of _____-ring bases.

A

Two

71
Q

Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are what type of nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidines

72
Q

Adenine and Guanine are what type of Nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines

73
Q

DNA can be found in what 2 organelles?

A

Nucleus (In chromosomes) & Mitochondria

74
Q

Nucleic acids (in a single strand) are held together with _______ bonds

A

Phosphodiester

75
Q

The double strands of DNA are held together by _______ bonds.

A

Hydrogen

76
Q

Complementary strands of DNA run ___________ to each other.

A

Antiparallel

77
Q

RNA is found in what 2 places in the cell?

A

Nucleus & Cytoplasm

78
Q

____________: Single-stranded nucleic acid, responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of protiens.

A

RNA

79
Q

_______________ is the central molecule involved in the transfer of chemical energy within the cell.

A

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate

80
Q

cAMP, cGMP, NAD+, and FAD are all examples of ______________ containing molecules.

A

Nucleotide

81
Q

__________ bonds - Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

A

Peptide

82
Q

Proteins have many functions including…
Serve as _________ in metabolic rxns
Form ion and transport channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to structural support,
as well as many other tasks.

A

Catalysts

83
Q

Proteins have many functions including…
Serve as catalysts in metabolic rxns
Form ion and _________ channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to structural support,
as well as many other tasks.

A

Transport

84
Q

Proteins have many functions including…
Serve as catalysts in metabolic rxns
Form ion and transport channels in the cell membrane,
Contribute to ________ support,
as well as many other tasks.

A

Structural

85
Q

_________ structure: Linear sequence of Amino Acids in a protein.

A

Primary

86
Q

__________ structure: Structural patterns within a protein that result from hydrogen bonds

A

Secondary

87
Q

__________ structure: Three Dimensional shape of poly-peptide chain

A

Tertiary

88
Q

What are the two types of secondary protein structure?

A

Alpha Helix & Beta Sheet

89
Q

What are the two categories of tertiary protein structure?

A

Globular (compact shape) & Fibrous (extended linear molecules)

90
Q

_____________ structure: Present in proteins made up of two or more polypeptide chains.

A

Quaternary

91
Q

______________ is the 3D shape of a protein, dependent on intramolecular attractions b/w amino acids.

A

Conformation

92
Q

A conformational change to a protein, that usually disturbs protein activity is ….

A

Denaturation

93
Q

____________ of proteins is usually irreversible and results from changes in temperature and pH.

A

Denaturation

94
Q

___________: Is the smallest particle exhibiting chemical properties of an Element

A

Atom

95
Q

Atomic number is equivalent to the number of _______ in an atom.

A

Protons

96
Q

The average atomic mass is the mass of _________ +____________

A

Protons + Neutrons

97
Q

The Superscript represents…

A

Atomic Mass of Carbon (12)

98
Q

The subscript represents…

A

The atomic number of carbon (6) or the number of protons

99
Q

Atoms with _________ electron orbitals are more reactive.

A

Incomplete, Unfilled

100
Q

Each orbital holds _______ electrons.

A

two

101
Q

The first shell has one orbital and thus can hold ______ electrons

A

2

102
Q

The second shell has _____ orbitals and can this hold 8 electrons.

A

Four

103
Q

Ions with more than one atom

A

Polyatomic ions

104
Q

Water composes _________ of the human body by weight.

A

⅔

105
Q

Water is a polar molecule that can form ____ hydrogen bonds w/ adjacent molecules.

A

Four (4)

106
Q

What three properties does water have that make it so important in body functions?

A

Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension

107
Q

The tension between liquid water and surrounding gas

A

Surface tension

108
Q

Force that holds two or more water molecules together

A

Cohesion

109
Q

Water has a high specific heat, this means…

A

A relatively large amount of heat is required to raise the temperature of water.

Important for homeostasis

110
Q

Water has a high heat of vaporization, this means…

A

A relatively large amount of heat is required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase.

111
Q

Water is known as a universal __________ .

A

Solvent…b/c most substances dissolve in it

112
Q

In a _______________, materials separate unless stirred.

A

Suspension

113
Q

In a _______________ - tiny particles are dispersed through a medium.

A

Colloid

114
Q

A _____________ is when substances are physically mixed but not chemically combined

A

Mixture

115
Q

A ______________ is a mixture of liquids, gases, or solids that are uniformly distributed.

A

Solution

116
Q

________: That which dissolves the solute.

A

Solvent

117
Q

__________: That which dissolves the solvent.

A

Solute

118
Q

_____________: Number of particles of solute per volume of solution.

A

Concentration

119
Q

Reflects the number of particles dissolved in one liter or kilogram of water.

A

Osmolarity/Osmolality

120
Q

One Osmole is equal to…

A

Avogadros # / 1 kg of water

A&P 1 (17 decks)

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