Ch. 6 Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Programs Flashcards
Cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by heart in liters per minute and is determined by the quantity of blood ejected with each beat
stroke volume
the quantity of blood ejected with each beat
heart rate
the heart’s rate of pumping
end-diastolic volume
the volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase
venous return
the amount of blood returning to the heart
Frank-Starling mechanism
related to the concept that the force of contraction is a function of the length of the fibers of the muscle wall
ejection fraction
the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected from the heart
oxygen uptake
the amount of oxygen consumed by the body’s tissues
maximal oxygen uptake
described as the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body
metabolic equivalent of tasks (MET)
3.5ml of oxygen per kilo of body weight per minute
Fick equation
expresses the relationship of cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and arteriovenous oxygen difference
arteriovenous oxygen difference
the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood
Systolic blood pressure
estimates the pressure exerted against the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction
rate-pressure product
double product, equals the heart rate times systolic blood pressure
diastolic blood pressure
used to estimate the pressure exerted against the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected through the vessels
mean arterial pressure
the average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
total peripheral resistance
the resistance of the entire systemic circulation
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
the primary mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow
minute ventilation
the volume of air breathed per minute
tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
ventilatory equivalent
the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake is termed
alveoli
the functional unit of the pulmonary system where gas exchange occurs
anatomical dead space
the areas like the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, the ares not useful for gas exchange
Physiological dead space
refers to alveoli in which poor blood flow, poor ventilation, or other problems with the alveolar surface impair gas exchange
Diffusion
the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a cell membrane and is a function of the concentration of each gas and the resulting partial pressure exerted by the molecular motion of each gas
bradycardia
slower heart rate
Myoglobin
a protein that transports oxygen within the cell
Mitochondria
the organelles in cells that are responsible for aerobically producing adenosine triphosphate via oxidation of glycogen
hyperventilation
an increase in pulmonary ventilation
hyperoxic breathing
breathing oxygen-enriched gas mixtures
blood doping
artificially increasing red blood cell mass
overtraining
caused by extreme levels of training frequency, volume, intensity, or a combination of these variables without sufficient rest or recovery
overtraining syndrome
the result of overtraining
overreaching
when an overtrained state lasts for a brief period of time
detraining
when an athlete loses training adaptations
