Ch. 6 Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Programs

Question 1

Cardiac output

Answer 1

the amount of blood pumped by heart in liters per minute and is determined by the quantity of blood ejected with each beat

Question 2

stroke volume

Answer 2

the quantity of blood ejected with each beat

Question 3

heart rate

Answer 3

the heart’s rate of pumping

Question 4

end-diastolic volume

Answer 4

the volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase

Question 5

venous return

Answer 5

the amount of blood returning to the heart

Question 6

Frank-Starling mechanism

Answer 6

related to the concept that the force of contraction is a function of the length of the fibers of the muscle wall

Question 7

ejection fraction

Answer 7

the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected from the heart

Question 8

oxygen uptake

Answer 8

the amount of oxygen consumed by the body’s tissues

Question 9

maximal oxygen uptake

Answer 9

described as the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body

Question 10

metabolic equivalent of tasks (MET)

Answer 10

3.5ml of oxygen per kilo of body weight per minute

Question 11

Fick equation

Answer 11

expresses the relationship of cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and arteriovenous oxygen difference

Question 12

arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 12

the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood

Question 13

Systolic blood pressure

Answer 13

estimates the pressure exerted against the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction

Question 14

rate-pressure product

Answer 14

double product, equals the heart rate times systolic blood pressure

Question 15

diastolic blood pressure

Answer 15

used to estimate the pressure exerted against the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected through the vessels

Question 16

mean arterial pressure

Answer 16

the average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

Question 17

total peripheral resistance

Answer 17

the resistance of the entire systemic circulation

Question 18

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

Answer 18

the primary mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow

Question 19

minute ventilation

Answer 19

the volume of air breathed per minute

Question 20

tidal volume

Answer 20

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

Question 21

ventilatory equivalent

Answer 21

the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake is termed

Question 22

alveoli

Answer 22

the functional unit of the pulmonary system where gas exchange occurs

Question 23

anatomical dead space

Answer 23

the areas like the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, the ares not useful for gas exchange

Question 24

Physiological dead space

Answer 24

refers to alveoli in which poor blood flow, poor ventilation, or other problems with the alveolar surface impair gas exchange

Question 25

Diffusion

Answer 25

the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a cell membrane and is a function of the concentration of each gas and the resulting partial pressure exerted by the molecular motion of each gas

Question 26

bradycardia

Answer 26

slower heart rate

Question 27

Myoglobin

Answer 27

a protein that transports oxygen within the cell

Question 28

Mitochondria

Answer 28

the organelles in cells that are responsible for aerobically producing adenosine triphosphate via oxidation of glycogen

Question 29

hyperventilation

Answer 29

an increase in pulmonary ventilation

Question 30

hyperoxic breathing

Answer 30

breathing oxygen-enriched gas mixtures

Question 31

blood doping

Answer 31

artificially increasing red blood cell mass

Question 32

overtraining

Answer 32

caused by extreme levels of training frequency, volume, intensity, or a combination of these variables without sufficient rest or recovery

Question 33

overtraining syndrome

Answer 33

the result of overtraining

Question 34

overreaching

Answer 34

when an overtrained state lasts for a brief period of time

Question 35

detraining

Answer 35

when an athlete loses training adaptations