Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSCS > Ch. 1 Muscular, Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Muscular, Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

epimysium

A

continous with the tendons at the ends of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tendon

A

attaches the muscle to the bone periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bone periosteum

A

a special connective tissue covering all bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

attachments of limb muscles to bone

A

proximal (closer to the trunk) & distal (farther from the trunk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

attachments of trunk muscles

A

superior (closer to the head) & inferior (closer to the feet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

origin of muscle

A

the proximal attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

insertion of muscle

A

its distal attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

muscle cells (aka muscle fibers)

A

long, have lots of nuclei on the edges of the cell, striated appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fasciculi

A

bundled groups of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

perimysium

A

the connective tissue holding the fasciculi together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sarcolemma

A

the muscle fiber membrane, encircles the endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

motor neuron

A

nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the junction between the nerve cell and the muscle fibers it innervates (aka the moror end plate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

motor unit

A

a motor nueron and the muscle fibers it innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, contains many cell componets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

myofibrils

A

hundreds of them dominate the sarcoplasm, contains the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

types of myofilament

A

myosin and actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cross-bridges

A

globular heads that protrude away from the myosin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sarcomere

A

the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle, repeat the entire length of the muscle fiber, within them the myosin and actin filaments are organized longitudinally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

M-bridge

A

where adjacent myosin filaments connect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A-band

A

where myosin filaments align

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

I-band

A

area where two sarcomeres are adjacent and there are only actin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Z-line

A

middle of the I-band, looks dark running through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

H-zone

A

where only myosin is present, shrinks during contraction as actin slides over the myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

parallels and surrounds each myofibril, terminates around the z-lines, stores calcium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T-tubules

A

run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

triad

A

the pattern of one t-tubule between two sarcplasmic reticulum vesicles

29
Q

action potential

A

electrical nerve impulse, causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, which causes tension development in the muscle

30
Q

sliding-filament theory

A

states that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slife inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the centre of the sarcomere and this shortening the muscle fiber

31
Q

What dictates the force production of a muscle?

A

the number of cross-bridges that are attached to actin filaments at any instant in time

32
Q

what is necessary for mysoin cross-bridge cycling with actin filaments?

A

calcium and ATP

33
Q

When does relaxation occur?

A

when actin and myosin return to their unbound state

34
Q

acetylocholine

A

a neurotransmitter, diffuses across the neuromuscular junction, causing excitation of the sarcolemma, when enough of it is released and action potential is generated

35
Q

all-or-none principle

A

a motor neuron stimulus always stimulates all fibers equally

36
Q

troponin

A

a protein that is situated at regular intercals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions

37
Q

tropomyosin

A

a protein that runs along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix

38
Q

what does the extent muscle control depend on?

A

the number of muscle fibers within each motor unit

39
Q

twitch

A

the brief contraction that results from an action potential

40
Q

tetanus

A

when the stimuli are delivered as so high a frequency that the twitches merge and eventually completely fuse

41
Q

types of muscle fibers

A

slow twitch (Type I), fast twitch (Type IIa and Type IIb/Type IIx)

42
Q

recruitment

A

a means of varying skeletal muscle force involving an increase in force through varying the number of motor units activated

43
Q

preloading

A

the loading of the muscle prior to the motion, helps to fully activate the muscle fibers that are needed for the early range of motion

44
Q

proprioceptors

A

specialized sensory receptors located within joins, muscles, and tendons

45
Q

muscle spindles

A

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, they provide information concerngin muscle length and the rate of change in length

46
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

the modified muscle fibers that make up muscle fibers

47
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction and are in a series with extrafusal muscle fibers

48
Q

sarcopenia

A

the reduction of skeletal muscle in size and strength due as a result of aging or inactivity

49
Q

the heart

A

a muscular organ comprised of two interconnected but separate pumps

50
Q

atrium

A

delivers blood into the ventricles

51
Q

ventricle

A

supply the main force for moving blood through the pulminary and peripheral circulations

52
Q

tricuspid and mitral valves (AV valves)

A

prevent blood flow from the ventricles back into the atria

53
Q

semilunar valves- aortic and pulmonary

A

prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artieries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

54
Q

sinoastrial (SA) node

A

the intrinsic pacemaker (where rhythmic electril impluses are normally initiated

55
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

wher the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles

56
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

conducts the impulse to the ventricles

57
Q

myocardium

A

the heart muscle

58
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

components of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nerves accelerates heart beat, parasympathetic slows it)

59
Q

bradycardia

A

a heart beat less that 60 beats/min

60
Q

tachycardia

A

a heart beat higher than 100 beats/min

61
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

a graphic representation of this activity

62
Q

P-Wave

A

the first wave, genereated by the changes in the electrical potential of cardiac muscle cells that depolarize the atria and result in atrial contraction

63
Q

QRS complex

A

three separate waves, genereated by the electrical potential that depolarizes the ventricles and results in ventircular contraction

64
Q

T-wave

A

cause by the electrical potential genereated as the ventricles recover from the state of depolarization

65
Q

repolarization

A

the recovery of the ventricles or atria from their depolarized state

66
Q
A

CSCS (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions