Ch. 5 Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Programs Flashcards
Anaerobic training
consists of high-intensity, intermittent bouts of exercise such as weight training; plyometric drills; and speed, agility, and interval training
size principle
based on the relationship between motor unit twitch force and recruitment threshold
selective recruitment
allows an athlete to inhibit lower-threshold motor unit and in their place activate the higher-threshold motor units critical to optimal speed and power performance
neuromuscular junction
the interface between the nerve and skeletal muscle and is another potential sire for the occurrence of neural adaptations from anaerobic training
electromyography
a common research tool used to examine the magnitude of neural activation following training
cross-education
training only one limb can result in an increase in strength in the untrained limb
bilateral deficit
the force produced when both limbs are contracting together is less that the sum of the forces they produce when contracting unilaterally
hypertrophy
refers to the muscular enlargement resulting from training, primarily owing to an increase in the cross-sectional area of the existing fibers
titin and nebulin
structural proteins
myogenesis
upregulation of factors involved with muscle regeneration
hyperplasia
results in an increase in the number of muscle fibers via longitudinal fiber splitting as a response to high intensity resistance training
mechanical loading
loading weight on the bone
osteoblasts
migrate to the bone after mechanical loading and begin bone modeling
bone matrix
formed by the proteins secreted by osteoblasts
hydroxyapatite
calcium phosphate crystals
periosteum
the outer surface of the bone
trabecular bone
spongy
cortical bone
compact
minimal essential strain
refers to the threshold stimulus that initiates new bone formation
bone mineral density
the quantity of mineral deposited in a given area of bone
specificity of loading
using exercises that directly load a particular region of the skeleton
osteoporosis
a disease in which bone mineral density and bone mass become reduced to critically low levels
osteogenic stimuli
factors that stimulate new bone formation
structural exercises
exercises that involve multiple joints, should direct the force vectors through the spine and hip
progressive overload
progressively placing greater than normal demands on the exercising musculature
stress fractures
microfractures in bone due to structural fatigue
peak bone mass
the maximum bone mass achieved
collagen
the primary structural component of all connective tissue
procollagen
the parent protein for collagen, synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts
microfibril
the parallel arrangement of filaments
cross-linking
the strong chemical bonds that give strength to collagen
elastin
elastic fibers in ligaments
tendon stiffness
force transmission per unit of strain, or tendon elongation
Hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage, found on the articulating surfaces of bones
fibrous cartilage
very tough form of cartilage found in the intervertebral disks of the spine and at the junctions where tendons attach to bone
reactive hyperemia
when blood flow increases during the rest period after muscular contractions greater than 20% of maximal voluntary contraction
rate-pressure product
heart rate x systolic blood pressure; a measure of myocardial work
ventilation equivalent
the ratio of air ventilated to oxygen used by the tissues
overtraining
defined as excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of train gin that results in extreme fatigue, illness, or injury; often due to insufficient rest, recovery, and maybe nutrition
overreaching
excessive training on a short-term basis
overtraining syndrome
the condition resulting from overtraining
sympathetic overtraining syndrome
includes increased sympathetic activity at rest
detraining
the cessation of anaerobic training or a substantial reduction in frequency, volume, intensity, or any combination of them that results in decrements in performance and loss of some of the physiological adaptations associated wither existence training
