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CSCS > Ch. 4 Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

encompasses the study of components that make up the musculoskeletal “machine”

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2
Q

biomechanics

A

focuses on the mechanisms through which these components interact to create movement

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3
Q

axial skeleton

A

consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

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4
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

includes the shoulder (or pectoral) girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle); bones of the arms, wrists, and hands (left and right humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges); the pelvic girdle (left and right coxal or innominate bones); and the bones of the lys, ankles, and feet (left and right femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)

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5
Q

joints

A

the junctions of bones

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6
Q

fibrous joints

A

allow virtually no movement, (structures of the skill)

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7
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

allow limited movement (intervertebral disks)

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8
Q

synovial joints

A

allow considerable movement (elbow and knee)

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9
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

covers bone ends

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10
Q

synovial fluid

A

fills the capsule that encloses the entire joint

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11
Q

Uniaxial joints

A

operate as hinges (like the elbow)

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12
Q

Biaxial joints

A

allow movement around to axes (wrists, ankles)

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13
Q

Multiaxial joints

A

allow movement about all three perpendicular axes (shoulder and hip)

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14
Q

vertebral column

A

made up of several vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur

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15
Q

vertebrae groupings

A

cervical vertebrae, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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16
Q

fleshly attachments

A

most often found at the proximal end of a muscle

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17
Q

Fibrous attachments

A

tendons, they blend into and are continuous with both muscle sheaths and the connective tissue surrounding the bone

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18
Q

agonist

A

the muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement, AKA prime mover

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19
Q

antagonist

A

a muscle that can slow down or stop the movement

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20
Q

synergist

A

a muscle when it assists indirectly in a movement

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21
Q

lever

A

a rigid or semirigid body that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate

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22
Q

fulcrum

A

the pivot point of a lever

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23
Q

moment arm

A

the perpendicular distance from the line of action of force to the fulcrum

24
Q

torque

A

the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specified fulcrum. It is defined quantitatively as the magnitude of a force times the length of its moment arm

25
Q

muscle force

A

force generated by biomechanics activity, or the stretching of non contractile tissue, that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward each other

26
Q

resistive force

A

force generated by a source external to the body that acts contrary to muscle force

27
Q

mechanical advantage

A

the ratio of the moment arm through which an applies force acts that through which a resistive force acts

28
Q

first-class lever

A

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum (

29
Q

second-class lever

A

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the restive force acts, (calf muscle to raise leg)

30
Q

third-class lever

A

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting thought a moment arm shorter that that throughout which the resistive force acts

31
Q

anatomical position

A

body erect, the arms are down at the sides, and the palms face forward

32
Q

Three planes of the human body

A

Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

33
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity per unit time

34
Q

strength

A

the maximal force that a muscle of muscle group can generate at a specified velocity

35
Q

power

A

defined as “the time rate of doing work”

36
Q

work

A

the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object moves in the direction in which the force is exerted

37
Q

weight

A

the multiplication of the mass of the bar by the local acceleration of gravity

38
Q

angular displacement

A

the angle through which an object rotates

39
Q

angular velocity

A

the object’s rotational speed, measured in radians per second

40
Q

rotational work

A

=torque x angular displacement

41
Q

recruitment

A

getting motor units involved in muscle contraction

42
Q

rate coding

A

the rate at which the motor units are fired

43
Q

pennate muscle

A

fibers that align obliquely with the tendon, creating a featherlike arrangemtn

44
Q

angle of pennation

A

the angle between the muscle fibers and an imaginary line between the muscle’s origin and insertion

45
Q

concentric muscle action

A

a muscle action in which the muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force

46
Q

eccentric muscle action

A

a muscle action in thick the muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less that the resistive force

47
Q

isometric action

A

a muscle action in which the muscle length does not change because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force

48
Q

classic formula

A

the load lifted is divided by body weight to the two-thirds power

49
Q

inertial force

A

can act in any direction

50
Q

bracketing technique

A

the athlete performs the sport movement with less than normal and greater than normal resistance

51
Q

friction

A

the resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an object while it is pressed against another object

52
Q

fluid resistance

A

the resistive force encountered by an object moving through a fluid

53
Q

surface drag

A

results from the friction of a fluid passing along the surface of an object

54
Q

form drag

A

results from the way in which a fluid presses against the front or rear of an object passing through it

55
Q

lordotic

A

a normal, slightly arched back

56
Q

kyphotic

A

slightly rounded, as the back is in its normal s shape

57
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

when the glottis is closed, thus keeping air from escaping the lungs, and the muscles of the abdomen and rib cage contract, creating rigid compartments of liquid in the lower torso and air in the upper torso

CSCS (22 decks)

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