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Biology II > Ch. 55 > Flashcards

Ch. 55 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

all the organisms living in an area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact

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1
Q

Microcosm

A

example a space under a fallen log

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2
Q

Ecosystems include two processes

A

energy flow and chemical cycling

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3
Q

Energy flow vs chemical cycle

A

energy flow through ecosystems
chemicals cycle within ecosystems

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4
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed

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5
Q

How do energy enter an ecosystem?

A

solar radiation

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6
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe

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7
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

matter cannot be created or destroyed

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8
Q

Open systems

A

absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products

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9
Q

Autotrophs

A

build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source to connect carbon together

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10
Q

Heterotrophs

A

depend on biosynthetic output of other organisms

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11
Q

How do energy and nutrients pass?

A

primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers

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12
Q

Detritivores (decomposers)

A

heterotrophs that derive their energy from detritus (nonliving organic matter)

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13
Q

Detritus

A

nonliving organic matter

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14
Q

What are the main detritivores?

A

Prokaryotes and fungi

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15
Q

Primary production

A

the amount of light energy converted to chemical bond energy by autotrophs during a given time period

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16
Q

Gross primary production (GPP)

A

total primary production

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17
Q

How is GPP measured?

A

conversion of energy from light to the chemical bond energy of organic molecules per unit time

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18
Q

Net primary production (NPP)

A

GPP minus energy used by autotrophs for respiration (Ra)

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19
Q

How is primary production expressed?

A

energy per unit area per unit time
biomass added per unit area per unit time

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20
Q

What does NPP measure

A

amount of new biomass added in a given time period

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21
Q

What are the most productive ecosystems?

A

tropical rain forests, estuaries, and coral reefs

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22
Q

What ecosystems are relatively unproductive?

A

marine ecosystems
still contribute to NPP because of size

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23
Q

What limits primary production?

A

light and nutrients

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24
Q

Limiting nutrient

A

element that must be added for production to increase in an area

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25
Q

What limits marine production?

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

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26
Q

What contributes to regions of high primary production?

A

Upwelling of nutrients rich waters

27
Q

Eutrophication

A

excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water due to sewage runoff
this promotes the growth of primary producers

28
Q

Effect of eutrophication

A

detritivores (eat dead organic material) use up dissolved oxygen which breaks down dead producers
loss of oxygen leads to dead fish

29
Q

What happens in lakes?

A

phosphorous limits cyanobacterial growth more often than nitrogen

30
Q

What affects primary production?

A

temperature and moisture

31
Q

What can increase NPP (minus energy used by autotrophs)?

A

precipitation
increase of temperature
increase of solar energy

32
Q

Nitrogen

A

the most common limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems

33
Q

Phosphorous

A

another limiting nutrient, especially in older soils

34
Q

What are some adaptations that help plants access limiting nutrients from soil?

A

plants form mutualisms with nitrogen fixing bacteria
plants form mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi

35
Q

Do plants release enzymes that increase the availability of limiting nutrients?

A

yes

36
Q

Secondary production

A

the production of biomass by heterotrophic consumers

37
Q

When a caterpillar feeds on a leaf, on about ____ of the leaf’s energy is used for secondary production

A

1/6

38
Q

Efficiencies of birds and mammals?

A

1-3%

39
Q

Fishes production efficiencies

A

10%

40
Q

Insects and microorganisms efficiencies

A

40% or more

41
Q

Trophic efficiency

A

percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next
(usually 10%)

42
Q

How much chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary consumer?

A

0.1%

43
Q

What does an energy pyramid represent?

A

loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain

44
Q

Biomass pyramid

A

dry mass of all organisms in one trophic level

45
Q

What ecosystems have inverted biomass pyramids because phytoplankton (producers) are consumed so quickly?

A

aquatic ecosystems

46
Q

Who plays a key role in chemical cycling?

A

decomposers

47
Q

What controls the rate of decomposition?

A

temperature, moisture, nutrient availability

48
Q

What is the result of rapid decomposition?

A

relatively low levels of nutrients in soil

49
Q

What ecosystems store large amount of undecomposed organic matter (decomposition rates are low)?

A

cold and wet ecosystems

50
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

nutrient cycles, involve both biotic and abiotic components

51
Q

Oceans contain how much of the biosphere’s water?

A

97%

52
Q

How much of the biosphere’s water is contained in glaciers and polar ice caps?

A

2%

53
Q

Lakes, rivers, and groundwater contain how much water?

A

1%

54
Q

What are the processes in which water moves by?

A

evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and groundwater

55
Q

Carbon cycle

A

photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic molecules that are consumed by heterotrophs

56
Q

What are carbon reservoirs?

A

fossil fuels
soils and sediments
solutes in the ocean
plant and animal biomass
atmosphere
sedimentary rocks

57
Q

How is Co2 released?

A

photosynthesis and respiration
volcanoes and burning of fossil fuels

58
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

main reservoir of nitrogen is in the atmosphere (N2)
nitrogen has to be coverted to NH4 or NO3 for uptake by plants
nitrogen fixation by bacteria
animals can only use organic nitrogen

59
Q

Ammonification

A

organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4+

60
Q

Denitrification

A

converts NO3- to N2

61
Q

Phosphorous cycle

A

largest reservoirs are sedimentary rocks of marine origin, soil, the oceans, and organisms
weathering of rocks releases phosphate into the soil and it reaches aquatic systems through leaching

62
Q

Phosphorous is a major part of?

A

nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP

63
Q

Nitrogen is a component of?

A

amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids

64
Q
A

Biology II (10 decks)

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