Ch. 42 Bio Flashcards
1
Q
Cells ______ materials with the environment via a _____ filled ______ system
A
exchange, fluid, circulatory
2
Q
Some cnidarians have elaborate ________ cavities that function in both _____ and _______ of substances throughout the body
A
gastrovascular, digestion, distribution
3
Q
The _____ wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity is only ____ cells thick
A
body, 2
4
Q
______ have a gastrovascular cavity and a flat body that minimizes diffusion distances
A
Flatworms
5
Q
A circulatory system has a circulatory _____, a set of ________ vessels, a muscular pump the ______
A
fluid, interconnecting, heart
6
Q
In insects, ______, and some ________ circulatory fluid called ________ bathes the organs directly in an _______ circulatory system
A
arthropods, mollusc, hemolympth, open
7
Q
In a _______ circulatory system, _______ is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
A
closed blood
8
Q
What type of circulatory systmes do annelids, cehphalopods, and vertebrates have?
A
closed circulatory systems
9
Q
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the _______ system
A
cardiovascular
10
Q
What are the three types of blood vessels in a closed circulatory system?
A
arteries, capillaries, veins
11
Q
Blood flow is _____ way in these vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
A
one
12
Q
What is the sequence of blood flowing away from the heart?
It goes _____ -> ________-> capillaries -> ________ -> _______
A
arteries, arterioles, venules, veins
13
Q
Networks of capillaries called _______ beds are the sites of chemical _______ between the blood and interstitial fluid
A
capillary, exchange
14
Q
______ hearts contain ____ or more chambers
A
Vertebrate, two
15
Q
Blood _____ through an _____ and is pumped ____ through _______
A
enters, atria, out, ventricles
16
Q
Bony fishes, rays, and sharks have single circulation with a _____ chambered heart
A
two
17
Q
In ______ circulation, blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning
A
single
18
Q
Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have _____ circulation
A
double
19
Q
Oxygen _____ and oxygen _____ blood are pumped ________ from the right and left sides of the heart
A
poor, rich, separately
20
Q
In reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows through the ______ circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs
A
pulmonary
21
Q
In amphibians, oxygen poor blood flows through a __________ circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs and _____
A
pulmocutaneous, skin
22
Q
Oxygen rich blood delivers oxygen through the ______ circuit
A
systemic
23
Q
Double circulation maintains _____ blood pressure in the organs than does single circulation
A
higher
24
Q
Frogs and other ______ have a _____ chambered heart: two ____ and one _____
A
amphibians, three, atria, ventricle
25
A ______ in the _______ diverts most of the oxygen rich blood into the ______ circuit and most oxygen poor blood into the _______ circuit
ridge, ventricle, systemic, pulmocutaneous
26
______, snakes, and lizards have a _____ chambered heart: two ____ and one _____ divided by an incomplete ______
Turtles, three, atria, ventricle, septum
27
In alligators, caimans, and other crocodilians, a ______ divides the ________, but pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit the heart
septum, ventricles
28
Mammals and birds have a _____ chambered heart with _____ atria and _____ ventricles
four, two, two
29
The _____ side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen _____ blood, while the right side receives and pumps only oxygen _____ blood
left, rich, poor
30
Mammals and birds are ______ and require more _____ than ectotherms
endotherms, O2
31
Contraction of the ____ ventricle pumps ______ to the lungs via ________ arteries
right, blood, pulmonary
32
The blood flows through capillary beds in the left and right lungs and loads ____ and unloads _____
O2, CO2
33
Oxygen ______ blood returns to the _____ ______ of the heart via the _______ veins
rich, left, atrium, pulmonary
34
Once the oxygen rich blood flows into the left ventricle it is pumped out to body tissues via the ______ circuit
systemic
35
Blood leaves the _____ ventricle via the ______ which conveys blood to arteries leading throughout the body
left, aorta
36
O2 diffuses from _____ to _______, and CO2 diffuses from _____ to ______
blood, tissues, tissues, blood
37
Capillaries rejoin, forming ______, conveying blood to ______
venules, veins
38
Oxygen ______ blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs is channeled into the _______ ______ ______
poor, superior, vena, cava
39
The _____ vena cava drains blood from the trunk and hind limbs
inferior
40
The two _____ ______ empty their blood into the _____ atrium from which the oxygen _____ blood flows into the _____ ventricle
venae cavae, right, poor, right
41
The human heart is about the size of a ______ fist and consists of mainly _____ muscle
clenched, cardiac
42
The two _____ have relatively ____ walls and serve as collection chambers for blood ______ to the heart
atria, thin, returning
43
The ventricles have ______ walls and contract much more _______
thicker, forcefully
44
The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle called the _____ cycle
cardiac
45
The _____, or pumping, phase is called _______
contraction, systole
46
The ______, or filling, phase is called ______
relaxation, diastole
47
The _____ ______ is the _____ of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per ______ and depends on both the ____ rate and _____ volume
cardiac output, volume, minute, heart, stroke
48
The ______ _____ is the number of beats per minute
heart rate
49
The _____ ______ is the amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
stroke volume
50
Four ______ prevent _______ of blood in the heart
valves, backflow
51
The ________ valves separate each atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular (AV)
52
Examples of atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves
53
The _______ valves control control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery
semilunar
54
Examples of semilunar vavles?
Aortic semilunar valve and Pulmonary semilunar valve
55
What causes the heart to make "lup-dup" sound
recoil of blood against the AV valves and against the semilunar valves
56
Backflow of blood through a defective valve causes a _____ ______
heart mumur
57
Some cardiac muscle cells are _______, meaning they contract without any signal from the nervous system
autorhythmic
58
The ______ node or _____, sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract
sinoatrial (SA), pacemaker
59
Impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an _______ (ECG or EKG)
electrocardiogram
60
The ______ is ______ by two portions of the nervous system: the _______ (speed up) and _______ (slow down)
pacemaker, regulated, sympathetic, parasympathetic
61
The pace maker is also regulated by ________ temperature
hormonesand
62
All _____ _____ contain a central _______ lined with an _______ layer that lines blood vessels
blood vessels, lumen, epithelial
63
The ________ is smooth and minimizes ________
endothelium, resistance
64
________ are only slightly wider than a ____ blood cell
Capillaries, red
65
Capillaries have _____ walls, the endothelium plus its basal lamina, to ______ the exchange of materials
thin, facilitate
66
______ and ______ have an endothelium, _____ muscle and ______ tissue
Arteries, veins, smooth, connective
67
______ have _____, elastic walls to accommodate the _____ pressure of blood pumped ______ the heart
Arteries, thick, high, from
68
______ have ______ walls, blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action; ______ to maintain ________ blood flow
Veins, thinner, valves, unidirectional
69
Velocity of blood flow is _____ in the ______ beds as a results of the _____ resistance and _____ total cross sectional area
slowest, capillary, high, large
70
Blood flows from areas of ______ pressure to areas of ______ pressure
higher, lower
71
The recoil of ______ ______ walls plays a role in maintaining blood pressure
elastic arterial
72
_______ pressure is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular _______; it is the ______ pressure in the _______
Systolic, systole, highest, arteries
73
_______ pressure is the pressure in the arteries during _______; it is _____ than systolic pressure
Diastolic, diastole, lower
74
______ mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure by altering the diameter of arterioles
Homeostatic
75
______ is the ______ of ______ muscle in ______ walls; it increases blood pressure
Vasoconstriction, contraction, smooth, arteriole
76
________ is the _______ of ______ muscles in the _______; it causes blood pressure to fall
Vasodilation, relaxation, smooth, arterioles
77
______ oxide is a major ______ of vasodilation
Nitric, inducer
77
The peptide _______ is a potent inducer of vasocontriction
endothelin
78
Blood pressure is generally ______ for an _____ in the arm at the same height as the heart
measured, artery
79
Blood pressure for a healthy 20-year old human at rest is about ____ mm Hg and ____ mm Hg at diastole
120, 70
80
_____ is caused by inadequate blood flow to the head
Fainting
81
Animals with _____ necks require a very high systolic pressure to pump blood a great distance against gravity
long
82
Return of blood is also enhanced by ______ of _____ muscle in _____ walls and ______ muscle contraction
contraction,smooth,venule, skeletal
83
Blood flows through only ___ - 10% of the body's _______ at any given time
5, capillaries
84
Two mechanisms _____ distribution of blood in capillary beds
regulate
85
______ or ______ of arterioles that supply capillary beds
Constriction, dilation
86
_______ _______ that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules
Precapillary sphincters
87
Blood flow is regulated by ______ impulses, ______, and other ______
nerve, hormones, chemicals
88
Blood pressure tends to ______ fluid ____ of capillaries and blood proteins tend to _____ fluid back
drive, out, pull
89
The _____ system _____ excess fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds back to the circulatory system
lymphatic, returns
90
Fluid lost by capillaries is called ______
lymph
91
The lymphatic system _____ into veins in the _____
drains, neck
92
_______ in _____ vessels prevent the backflow of fluid
Valves, lymph
93
______ is swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph
Edema
94
_______ are organs that filter ______ play an important role in the body's ______
Lymph nodes, lymph, defense
95
When the body is fighting an infection, ______ nodes become ______ and tender
lymph, swollen
96
Blood in vertebrates is a _____ tissue consisting of several kinds of _____ suspended in a liquid matrix called ______
connective, cells, plasma
97
Cells and cell fragments occupy about ____% of the volume of blood
45
98
Plasma contains ______ salts as dissolved _____, sometimes called electrolytes
inorganic, ions
99
______ proteins,
influence blood ___
help ______ _______ balance between blood and interstitial fluid
______ transport, ______, and _____ clotting
Plasma, pH, maintain osmotic, lipid, immunity, and blood
100
Plasma is ______ in composition to ______ fluid but plasma has a much ______ protein concentration
similar, interstitial, higher
101
Suspended in blood plasma are two types of cells which are?
Red blood cells and white blood cells
102
What are red blood cells called more specifically and what do they do?
Erythrocytes, transport O2
103
White blood cells are more specifically called what and what do they do?
Leukocytes, function in defense
104
______ are fragments of cells that are involved in clotting?
Platelets
105
Eryth- means
red
106
Leuk- means
white
107
Erythrocytes are the most ______ blood cells
numerous
108
Erythrocytes contain ______, the ____ containing protein that transports ____
hemoglobin, O2
109
Each molecules of hemoglobin _____ up to _____ molecules of ____
binds, four, O2
110
In mammals, mature erythrocytes lack _____ and _______
nuclei, mitochondria
111
_____ cell disease is caused by ______ ______ proteins that form aggregates
Sickle, abnormal hemoglobin
112
The aggregates can deform an erythrocyte into a _____ _____
sickle shape
113
Sickled cells can rupture or can ______ ______ vessels
block blood
114
There are _____ major types of white blood cells which are called what
5, leukocytes
115
Leukocytes function in ______ either by phagocytizing bacteria and debris or by ______ immune responses against foreign substances
defense, mounting
116
They are both ____ and outside of the ______ system
in, circulatory
117
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from a common source of _____ cells in the ____ marrow of ______, especially ______, _______, _______, and pelvis
stems, red, bones, ribs, vertebrae, sternum
118
The hormone ________ stimulates _______ production when O2 delivery is _____
erythropoietin (EPO), erythrocyte, low
119
Coagulation is the ______ of a _____ clot from liquid blood
formation, solid
120
A ______ of complex reactions ______ inactive _______ to _______, forming a clot
cascade, converts, fibrinogen, fibrin
121
_______ - a blood clot formed within a blood vessel, can block blood flow
Thrombus
122
One type of cardiovascular disease, _______ is caused by the buildup of ______ deposits (_____) within ______
antherosclerosis, fatty, plaque, arteries
123
_______ is a ___ player in the development of antherosclerosis
Cholesterol, key
124
_____ - density ________ (LDL-____) delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production
Low, lipoprotein, bad
125
______- density ______ (HDL-____) scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver
High, lipoprotein, good
126
Risk for heart disease ______ with a _____ LDL to HDL ratio
increases, high
127
______ is also a factor in cardiovascular disease
Inflammation
128
A heart attack or ______ ______, is the _____ or death of ______ muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries
myocardial infarction, damage, cardiac
129
A ______ is the ______ of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from _____ or blockage of ______ in the head
stroke, death, rupture, arteries
130
______ _______ is chest pain caused by _____ blockage of the coronary arteries
Angina pectoris, partial
131
What is the uptake of O2 from the environment and the discharge of Co2 to the environment
Gas exchange
132
The partial pressure of gases ______ _____ ________
drives gas exchange
133
_______ ________ is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
Partial pressure
134
Partial pressures also apply to ______ dissolved in _______ such as water
gases, liquids
135
In a given volume, there is ____ O2 available in water than in air
less
136
Obtaining ____ from water requires ________ efficiency than air breathing
O2, greater
137
How does gas exchange take place across respiratory surfaces?
Diffusion
138
Respiratory surfaces vary by animal and can include the _____, ______, _______, and lungs
skin, gills, tracheae
139
Gills are outfoldings of the body that create a _____ surface area for gas exchange
large
140
Fish gills use a _______ exchange system where blood flows in the ______ direction to water passing over the ______
countercurrent, opposite, gills
141
________ moves the _______ medium over the respiratory surface
Ventilation, respiratory
141
Aquatic animals ______ through water or move ______ over their _____ for ventilation
move, water, gills
142
The ______ system of insects consists of a network of ______ tubes throughout the body
tracheal, branching
143
The tracheal tubes ______ O2 directly to body cells
supply
144
The ______ and _____ systems are separate
respiratory, circulatory
145
______ are an ______ of the body surface
Lungs, infolding
146
The _______ system (open or closed) _______ gases between the lungs and the rest of the body
circulatory, transports
147
The size and complexity of lungs correlate with an animals what?
Metabolic rate
148
Air inhaled through the ______ is ______, ______, humidified, and sampled for odors
nostrils, filtered, warmed
149
The ______ directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach
pharynx
150
Swallowing moves the ______ upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the _______, or windpipe
larynx, trachea
151
Air passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, _____ and ______ to the ______, where gas exchange occurs
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
152
Exhaled air passes over the ______ ______ in the larynx to create sounds
vocal cords
153
______ and mucus line the epithelium of the air ducts and move particles up to the pharynx
Cilia
154
The _____ _______ cleans the respiratory systema and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus
mucus escalator
155
Gas exchange takes place in _____, air sacs at the tip of bronchioles
alveoli
156
Oxygen ______ through the _____ film of the _______ and into capillaries
diffuses, moist, epithelium
157
______ ______ diffuses from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space
Carbon dioxide
158
Secretions called _______ coat the surface of the alveoli
surfactants
159
Preterm babies lack surfactant and are vulnerable to _____ _____ syndrome; treatment is provided by artificial surfactants
respiratory distress
160
An amphibian such as a frog ventilates its lung by _______ pressure breathing which forces air down the trachea
positive
161
Birds have ____ _____ that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs
air sacs
162
Air ______ through the _____ in _____ direction only
passes, lungs, one
163
Ventilation in bird is ______ efficient
highly
164
Mammals ventilate their lungs by _____ pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs
negative
165
Lung volume _______ as the rib muscles and _______ contract
increases, diaphragm
166
The ______ volume is the volume of air inhaled with each breath
tidal
167
The maximum tidal volume is the _____ _______
vital capacity
168
After exhalation, a _______ volume of air remains in the lungs
residual
169
Breathing is regulated by _______ mechanisms
involuntary
170
The breathing control centers are found in the ______ _______ of the brain
medulla oblongata
171
The medulla ______ the rate and _____ of breathing is response to ___ changes in the cerebrospinal fluid
regulates, depth, pH
172
______ in the _____ and carotid arteries monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood
Sensors, aorta
173
These _____ the breathing _____ ______, which respond as needed
signal, control centers
174
_______ _______ of breathing takes placed in the _____, next to the medulla
Additional modulation, pons
175
_______ pigments, proteins that ______ oxygen greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry
Respiratory, transport
176
_______ and many mollusks have ______, with _____ as the oxygen binding component
Arthropods, hemocyanin, copper
177
______ _______ and some invertebrates use _______
Most vertebrates, hemoglobin
178
A ______ hemoglobin molecule can carry ____ molecules of _____, one molecules for each iron- containing heme group
single, four, O2
179
Co2 produced during cellular respiration ______ blood pH and _______ the affinity of hemoglobin for O2; this is called the _____ ______
lowers, decreases, Bohr shift
180
Only about ___% of Co2 form respiring cells ______ into the blood and is transported in blood plasma, ______ to _______
7, diffuses, bound, hemoglobin
181
The ______ diffuses into ______ and reacts with water to form H2Co3 which dissociates in H+ and _______ ions
remainder, erythrocytes, bicarbonate
182
Deep diving air breathers stockpile ___ and use it slowly
O2
183
Diving mammals can stores oxygen in their muscles in ________ proteins
myoglobin
184
Changing their buoyancy to glide passively, routing blood to vital tissues, and deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is deplete are all things mammals do why?
To conserve oxygen
