Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology II > Ch. 42 Bio > Flashcards

Ch. 42 Bio Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells ______ materials with the environment via a _____ filled ______ system

A

exchange, fluid, circulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Some cnidarians have elaborate ________ cavities that function in both _____ and _______ of substances throughout the body

A

gastrovascular, digestion, distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The _____ wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity is only ____ cells thick

A

body, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ have a gastrovascular cavity and a flat body that minimizes diffusion distances

A

Flatworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A circulatory system has a circulatory _____, a set of ________ vessels, a muscular pump the ______

A

fluid, interconnecting, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In insects, ______, and some ________ circulatory fluid called ________ bathes the organs directly in an _______ circulatory system

A

arthropods, mollusc, hemolympth, open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In a _______ circulatory system, _______ is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid

A

closed blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of circulatory systmes do annelids, cehphalopods, and vertebrates have?

A

closed circulatory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the _______ system

A

cardiovascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels in a closed circulatory system?

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood flow is _____ way in these vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the sequence of blood flowing away from the heart?
It goes _____ -> ________-> capillaries -> ________ -> _______

A

arteries, arterioles, venules, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Networks of capillaries called _______ beds are the sites of chemical _______ between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillary, exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

______ hearts contain ____ or more chambers

A

Vertebrate, two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood _____ through an _____ and is pumped ____ through _______

A

enters, atria, out, ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bony fishes, rays, and sharks have single circulation with a _____ chambered heart

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In ______ circulation, blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

A

single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have _____ circulation

A

double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxygen _____ and oxygen _____ blood are pumped ________ from the right and left sides of the heart

A

poor, rich, separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows through the ______ circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs

A

pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In amphibians, oxygen poor blood flows through a __________ circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs and _____

A

pulmocutaneous, skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxygen rich blood delivers oxygen through the ______ circuit

A

systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Double circulation maintains _____ blood pressure in the organs than does single circulation

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Frogs and other ______ have a _____ chambered heart: two ____ and one _____

A

amphibians, three, atria, ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A ______ in the _______ diverts most of the oxygen rich blood into the ______ circuit and most oxygen poor blood into the _______ circuit

A

ridge, ventricle, systemic, pulmocutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

______, snakes, and lizards have a _____ chambered heart: two ____ and one _____ divided by an incomplete ______

A

Turtles, three, atria, ventricle, septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In alligators, caimans, and other crocodilians, a ______ divides the ________, but pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit the heart

A

septum, ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mammals and birds have a _____ chambered heart with _____ atria and _____ ventricles

A

four, two, two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The _____ side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen _____ blood, while the right side receives and pumps only oxygen _____ blood

A

left, rich, poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mammals and birds are ______ and require more _____ than ectotherms

A

endotherms, O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Contraction of the ____ ventricle pumps ______ to the lungs via ________ arteries

A

right, blood, pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The blood flows through capillary beds in the left and right lungs and loads ____ and unloads _____

A

O2, CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Oxygen ______ blood returns to the _____ ______ of the heart via the _______ veins

A

rich, left, atrium, pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Once the oxygen rich blood flows into the left ventricle it is pumped out to body tissues via the ______ circuit

A

systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Blood leaves the _____ ventricle via the ______ which conveys blood to arteries leading throughout the body

A

left, aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

O2 diffuses from _____ to _______, and CO2 diffuses from _____ to ______

A

blood, tissues, tissues, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Capillaries rejoin, forming ______, conveying blood to ______

A

venules, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Oxygen ______ blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs is channeled into the _______ ______ ______

A

poor, superior, vena, cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The _____ vena cava drains blood from the trunk and hind limbs

A

inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The two _____ ______ empty their blood into the _____ atrium from which the oxygen _____ blood flows into the _____ ventricle

A

venae cavae, right, poor, right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The human heart is about the size of a ______ fist and consists of mainly _____ muscle

A

clenched, cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The two _____ have relatively ____ walls and serve as collection chambers for blood ______ to the heart

A

atria, thin, returning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The ventricles have ______ walls and contract much more _______

A

thicker, forcefully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle called the _____ cycle

A

cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The _____, or pumping, phase is called _______

A

contraction, systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The ______, or filling, phase is called ______

A

relaxation, diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The _____ ______ is the _____ of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per ______ and depends on both the ____ rate and _____ volume

A

cardiac output, volume, minute, heart, stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The ______ _____ is the number of beats per minute

A

heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The _____ ______ is the amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

A

stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Four ______ prevent _______ of blood in the heart

A

valves, backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The ________ valves separate each atrium and ventricle

A

atrioventricular (AV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Examples of atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The _______ valves control control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

A

semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Examples of semilunar vavles?

A

Aortic semilunar valve and Pulmonary semilunar valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What causes the heart to make “lup-dup” sound

A

recoil of blood against the AV valves and against the semilunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Backflow of blood through a defective valve causes a _____ ______

A

heart mumur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Some cardiac muscle cells are _______, meaning they contract without any signal from the nervous system

A

autorhythmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The ______ node or _____, sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract

A

sinoatrial (SA), pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an _______ (ECG or EKG)

A

electrocardiogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The ______ is ______ by two portions of the nervous system: the _______ (speed up) and _______ (slow down)

A

pacemaker, regulated, sympathetic, parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The pace maker is also regulated by ________ temperature

A

hormonesand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

All _____ _____ contain a central _______ lined with an _______ layer that lines blood vessels

A

blood vessels, lumen, epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The ________ is smooth and minimizes ________

A

endothelium, resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

________ are only slightly wider than a ____ blood cell

A

Capillaries, red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Capillaries have _____ walls, the endothelium plus its basal lamina, to ______ the exchange of materials

A

thin, facilitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

______ and ______ have an endothelium, _____ muscle and ______ tissue

A

Arteries, veins, smooth, connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

______ have _____, elastic walls to accommodate the _____ pressure of blood pumped ______ the heart

A

Arteries, thick, high, from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

______ have ______ walls, blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action; ______ to maintain ________ blood flow

A

Veins, thinner, valves, unidirectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Velocity of blood flow is _____ in the ______ beds as a results of the _____ resistance and _____ total cross sectional area

A

slowest, capillary, high, large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Blood flows from areas of ______ pressure to areas of ______ pressure

A

higher, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The recoil of ______ ______ walls plays a role in maintaining blood pressure

A

elastic arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

_______ pressure is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular _______; it is the ______ pressure in the _______

A

Systolic, systole, highest, arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

_______ pressure is the pressure in the arteries during _______; it is _____ than systolic pressure

A

Diastolic, diastole, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

______ mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure by altering the diameter of arterioles

A

Homeostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

______ is the ______ of ______ muscle in ______ walls; it increases blood pressure

A

Vasoconstriction, contraction, smooth, arteriole

76
Q

________ is the _______ of ______ muscles in the _______; it causes blood pressure to fall

A

Vasodilation, relaxation, smooth, arterioles

77
Q

______ oxide is a major ______ of vasodilation

A

Nitric, inducer

77
Q

The peptide _______ is a potent inducer of vasocontriction

A

endothelin

78
Q

Blood pressure is generally ______ for an _____ in the arm at the same height as the heart

A

measured, artery

79
Q

Blood pressure for a healthy 20-year old human at rest is about ____ mm Hg and ____ mm Hg at diastole

A

120, 70

80
Q

_____ is caused by inadequate blood flow to the head

A

Fainting

81
Q

Animals with _____ necks require a very high systolic pressure to pump blood a great distance against gravity

A

long

82
Q

Return of blood is also enhanced by ______ of _____ muscle in _____ walls and ______ muscle contraction

A

contraction,smooth,venule, skeletal

83
Q

Blood flows through only ___ - 10% of the body’s _______ at any given time

A

5, capillaries

84
Q

Two mechanisms _____ distribution of blood in capillary beds

A

regulate

85
Q

______ or ______ of arterioles that supply capillary beds

A

Constriction, dilation

86
Q

_______ _______ that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules

A

Precapillary sphincters

87
Q

Blood flow is regulated by ______ impulses, ______, and other ______

A

nerve, hormones, chemicals

88
Q

Blood pressure tends to ______ fluid ____ of capillaries and blood proteins tend to _____ fluid back

A

drive, out, pull

89
Q

The _____ system _____ excess fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds back to the circulatory system

A

lymphatic, returns

90
Q

Fluid lost by capillaries is called ______

A

lymph

91
Q

The lymphatic system _____ into veins in the _____

A

drains, neck

92
Q

_______ in _____ vessels prevent the backflow of fluid

A

Valves, lymph

93
Q

______ is swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph

A

Edema

94
Q

_______ are organs that filter ______ play an important role in the body’s ______

A

Lymph nodes, lymph, defense

95
Q

When the body is fighting an infection, ______ nodes become ______ and tender

A

lymph, swollen

96
Q

Blood in vertebrates is a _____ tissue consisting of several kinds of _____ suspended in a liquid matrix called ______

A

connective, cells, plasma

97
Q

Cells and cell fragments occupy about ____% of the volume of blood

A

45

98
Q

Plasma contains ______ salts as dissolved _____, sometimes called electrolytes

A

inorganic, ions

99
Q

______ proteins,
influence blood ___
help ______ _______ balance between blood and interstitial fluid
______ transport, ______, and _____ clotting

A

Plasma, pH, maintain osmotic, lipid, immunity, and blood

100
Q

Plasma is ______ in composition to ______ fluid but plasma has a much ______ protein concentration

A

similar, interstitial, higher

101
Q

Suspended in blood plasma are two types of cells which are?

A

Red blood cells and white blood cells

102
Q

What are red blood cells called more specifically and what do they do?

A

Erythrocytes, transport O2

103
Q

White blood cells are more specifically called what and what do they do?

A

Leukocytes, function in defense

104
Q

______ are fragments of cells that are involved in clotting?

A

Platelets

105
Q

Eryth- means

A

red

106
Q

Leuk- means

A

white

107
Q

Erythrocytes are the most ______ blood cells

A

numerous

108
Q

Erythrocytes contain ______, the ____ containing protein that transports ____

A

hemoglobin, O2

109
Q

Each molecules of hemoglobin _____ up to _____ molecules of ____

A

binds, four, O2

110
Q

In mammals, mature erythrocytes lack _____ and _______

A

nuclei, mitochondria

111
Q

_____ cell disease is caused by ______ ______ proteins that form aggregates

A

Sickle, abnormal hemoglobin

112
Q

The aggregates can deform an erythrocyte into a _____ _____

A

sickle shape

113
Q

Sickled cells can rupture or can ______ ______ vessels

A

block blood

114
Q

There are _____ major types of white blood cells which are called what

A

5, leukocytes

115
Q

Leukocytes function in ______ either by phagocytizing bacteria and debris or by ______ immune responses against foreign substances

A

defense, mounting

116
Q

They are both ____ and outside of the ______ system

A

in, circulatory

117
Q

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from a common source of _____ cells in the ____ marrow of ______, especially ______, _______, _______, and pelvis

A

stems, red, bones, ribs, vertebrae, sternum

118
Q

The hormone ________ stimulates _______ production when O2 delivery is _____

A

erythropoietin (EPO), erythrocyte, low

119
Q

Coagulation is the ______ of a _____ clot from liquid blood

A

formation, solid

120
Q

A ______ of complex reactions ______ inactive _______ to _______, forming a clot

A

cascade, converts, fibrinogen, fibrin

121
Q

_______ - a blood clot formed within a blood vessel, can block blood flow

A

Thrombus

122
Q

One type of cardiovascular disease, _______ is caused by the buildup of ______ deposits (_____) within ______

A

antherosclerosis, fatty, plaque, arteries

123
Q

_______ is a ___ player in the development of antherosclerosis

A

Cholesterol, key

124
Q

_____ - density ________ (LDL-____) delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

A

Low, lipoprotein, bad

125
Q

______- density ______ (HDL-____) scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

A

High, lipoprotein, good

126
Q

Risk for heart disease ______ with a _____ LDL to HDL ratio

A

increases, high

127
Q

______ is also a factor in cardiovascular disease

A

Inflammation

128
Q

A heart attack or ______ ______, is the _____ or death of ______ muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

A

myocardial infarction, damage, cardiac

129
Q

A ______ is the ______ of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from _____ or blockage of ______ in the head

A

stroke, death, rupture, arteries

130
Q

______ _______ is chest pain caused by _____ blockage of the coronary arteries

A

Angina pectoris, partial

131
Q

What is the uptake of O2 from the environment and the discharge of Co2 to the environment

A

Gas exchange

132
Q

The partial pressure of gases ______ _____ ________

A

drives gas exchange

133
Q

_______ ________ is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

A

Partial pressure

134
Q

Partial pressures also apply to ______ dissolved in _______ such as water

A

gases, liquids

135
Q

In a given volume, there is ____ O2 available in water than in air

A

less

136
Q

Obtaining ____ from water requires ________ efficiency than air breathing

A

O2, greater

137
Q

How does gas exchange take place across respiratory surfaces?

A

Diffusion

138
Q

Respiratory surfaces vary by animal and can include the _____, ______, _______, and lungs

A

skin, gills, tracheae

139
Q

Gills are outfoldings of the body that create a _____ surface area for gas exchange

A

large

140
Q

Fish gills use a _______ exchange system where blood flows in the ______ direction to water passing over the ______

A

countercurrent, opposite, gills

141
Q

________ moves the _______ medium over the respiratory surface

A

Ventilation, respiratory

141
Q

Aquatic animals ______ through water or move ______ over their _____ for ventilation

A

move, water, gills

142
Q

The ______ system of insects consists of a network of ______ tubes throughout the body

A

tracheal, branching

143
Q

The tracheal tubes ______ O2 directly to body cells

A

supply

144
Q

The ______ and _____ systems are separate

A

respiratory, circulatory

145
Q

______ are an ______ of the body surface

A

Lungs, infolding

146
Q

The _______ system (open or closed) _______ gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

A

circulatory, transports

147
Q

The size and complexity of lungs correlate with an animals what?

A

Metabolic rate

148
Q

Air inhaled through the ______ is ______, ______, humidified, and sampled for odors

A

nostrils, filtered, warmed

149
Q

The ______ directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach

A

pharynx

150
Q

Swallowing moves the ______ upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the _______, or windpipe

A

larynx, trachea

151
Q

Air passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, _____ and ______ to the ______, where gas exchange occurs

A

bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

152
Q

Exhaled air passes over the ______ ______ in the larynx to create sounds

A

vocal cords

153
Q

______ and mucus line the epithelium of the air ducts and move particles up to the pharynx

A

Cilia

154
Q

The _____ _______ cleans the respiratory systema and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

A

mucus escalator

155
Q

Gas exchange takes place in _____, air sacs at the tip of bronchioles

A

alveoli

156
Q

Oxygen ______ through the _____ film of the _______ and into capillaries

A

diffuses, moist, epithelium

157
Q

______ ______ diffuses from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space

A

Carbon dioxide

158
Q

Secretions called _______ coat the surface of the alveoli

A

surfactants

159
Q

Preterm babies lack surfactant and are vulnerable to _____ _____ syndrome; treatment is provided by artificial surfactants

A

respiratory distress

160
Q

An amphibian such as a frog ventilates its lung by _______ pressure breathing which forces air down the trachea

A

positive

161
Q

Birds have ____ _____ that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs

A

air sacs

162
Q

Air ______ through the _____ in _____ direction only

A

passes, lungs, one

163
Q

Ventilation in bird is ______ efficient

A

highly

164
Q

Mammals ventilate their lungs by _____ pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs

A

negative

165
Q

Lung volume _______ as the rib muscles and _______ contract

A

increases, diaphragm

166
Q

The ______ volume is the volume of air inhaled with each breath

A

tidal

167
Q

The maximum tidal volume is the _____ _______

A

vital capacity

168
Q

After exhalation, a _______ volume of air remains in the lungs

A

residual

169
Q

Breathing is regulated by _______ mechanisms

A

involuntary

170
Q

The breathing control centers are found in the ______ _______ of the brain

A

medulla oblongata

171
Q

The medulla ______ the rate and _____ of breathing is response to ___ changes in the cerebrospinal fluid

A

regulates, depth, pH

172
Q

______ in the _____ and carotid arteries monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood

A

Sensors, aorta

173
Q

These _____ the breathing _____ ______, which respond as needed

A

signal, control centers

174
Q

_______ _______ of breathing takes placed in the _____, next to the medulla

A

Additional modulation, pons

175
Q

_______ pigments, proteins that ______ oxygen greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

A

Respiratory, transport

176
Q

_______ and many mollusks have ______, with _____ as the oxygen binding component

A

Arthropods, hemocyanin, copper

177
Q

______ _______ and some invertebrates use _______

A

Most vertebrates, hemoglobin

178
Q

A ______ hemoglobin molecule can carry ____ molecules of _____, one molecules for each iron- containing heme group

A

single, four, O2

179
Q

Co2 produced during cellular respiration ______ blood pH and _______ the affinity of hemoglobin for O2; this is called the _____ ______

A

lowers, decreases, Bohr shift

180
Q

Only about ___% of Co2 form respiring cells ______ into the blood and is transported in blood plasma, ______ to _______

A

7, diffuses, bound, hemoglobin

181
Q

The ______ diffuses into ______ and reacts with water to form H2Co3 which dissociates in H+ and _______ ions

A

remainder, erythrocytes, bicarbonate

182
Q

Deep diving air breathers stockpile ___ and use it slowly

A

O2

183
Q

Diving mammals can stores oxygen in their muscles in ________ proteins

A

myoglobin

184
Q

Changing their buoyancy to glide passively, routing blood to vital tissues, and deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is deplete are all things mammals do why?

A

To conserve oxygen

Biology II (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions