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Biology II > Ch. 41 Bio > Flashcards

Ch. 41 Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

What animals eat mainly plants or algae?

A

Herbivores

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2
Q

What animals eat other animals?

A

Carnivores

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3
Q

What animals regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae?

A

Omnivores

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4
Q

What are the four classes of essential nutrient classes?

A
  1. Essential amino acids
  2. Essential fatty acids
  3. Vitamins
  4. Minerals
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5
Q

Animals require __ _____ ______ and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet.

A

20 amino acids

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6
Q

The remaining amino acids, the _______ _____ _______ must be obtained from what?

A

essential amino acids, food (animal products)

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7
Q

Where can vegetarians obtain all essential amino acids from?

A

Eating varied diet of plant proteins

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8
Q

Membranes, signaling, and storage fats are all part of what essential nutrient class?

A

Fatty acids

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9
Q

What essential nutrient class contains organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts?

A

Vitamins

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10
Q

How many vitamins are essential for humans? What are the two categories of vitamins?

A

Thirteen, fat-soluble and water-soluble

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11
Q

What essential nutrient group has simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts?

A

Minerals

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12
Q

What is the failure to obtain adequate nutrition? What can this cause?

A

Malnutrition; deformities, disease, death

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13
Q

When diet does not provide enough chemical energy?

A

Undernourishment

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14
Q

What will an undernourished individual do?

A
  • Use up stored fat and carbohydrates
  • Break down its own proteins
  • Lose muscle mass
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15
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of human health and disease in populations

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16
Q

The deficiency of _____ acid in pregnant mother causes _______ _____ defects?

A

folic; neural tube

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17
Q

What is the act of eating or feeding?

A

Ingestion

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18
Q

_______ feeders - sift small food particles from water

A

Filter

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19
Q

What do substrate feeders do?

A

Live in or on their food source

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20
Q

_______ _______ suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

A

Fluid feeders

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21
Q

What feeders eat relatively large pieces of food?

A

Bulk

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22
Q

_________ is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

A

Digestion

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23
Q

What type of digestion is chewing or grinding, increases the surface area of food?

A

Mechanical digestion

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24
Q

_______ _________ splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes; these are used to build larger molecules

A

Chemical digestion

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25
Q

In chemical digestion, the process of ________ ________ splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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26
Q

__________ is uptake of small molecules by body cells

A

Absorption

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27
Q

What is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system?

A

Elimination

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28
Q

Food particles are engulfed by _________ and liquids by _________

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis

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29
Q

________ ________ containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes, example?

A

Food vacuoles; sponges

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30
Q

Extracellular digestion is the breakdown of food particles __________ of cells

A

outside

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31
Q

Extracellular digestion occurs in __________ that are _______ with the outside of the animal’s body

A

compartments; continuous

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32
Q

Animals with simple body plans have a __________ cavity that functions in both _______ and _______ of nutrients

A

gastrovascular; digestion, distribution

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33
Q

Where does food processing begin?

A

Oral cavity

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34
Q

_______ glands deliver saliva to lubricate food

A

Salivary

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35
Q

Saliva contains _______, a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins

A

mucus

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36
Q

Saliva also contains ________, which breaks down ________ (a carbohydrate; sugar)

A

amylase, amylose

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37
Q

The tongue movements shape food into a ______ and help with swallowing

A

bolus

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38
Q

The throat, or ________, is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

A

pharynx

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39
Q

The ________ connects to the stomach

A

esophagus

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40
Q

Swallowing causes the ________ to ______ entry to the ______, and the bolus is guided by the _______, the upper part of the respiratory tract

A

epiglottis, block, trachea, larynx

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41
Q

Within the esophagus, food is pushed along from the ______ to the stomach by _______, rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

A

pharynx, peristalsis

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42
Q

Valves called ______ regulate the movement of material between compartments

A

sphincters

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43
Q

The ______ stores food and processes it into a liquid suspension

A

stomach

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44
Q

The stomach secretes _______ juice

A

gastric

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45
Q

The mixture of ingested food and gastric juice is called _______

A

chyme

46
Q

Gastric juice has a _____ pH of about ___, which ______ bacteria and ______ proteins

A

low, 2, kills, denatures

47
Q

Gastric juice is made up of ________ acid and _______

A

hydrochloric, pepsin

48
Q

Pepsin is a ______, which _______ peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller peptides

A

protease, breaks

49
Q

_______ cells secrete ______ and ______ ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach

A

Parietal, hydrogen, chloride

50
Q

________ cells secrete inactive ________, which is _______ to pepsin when mixed with _______ acid in the stomach

A

Chief, pepsinogen, activated, hydrochloric

51
Q

_______ protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

A

Mucus

52
Q

Cell division adds a new epithelial layer every ______ days

A

three

53
Q

Coordinated contraction and relaxation of ______ muscles _______ the stomach’s contents

A

stomach, churn

54
Q

________ prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

A

Sphincters

55
Q

If the sphincter at the top of the stomach allow movement of chyme back to the lower end of the esophagus, the result is

A

“heartburn”

56
Q

The _____ intestine is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal

A

small

57
Q

Most _______ hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs where?

A

enzymatic, small intestine

58
Q

The first portion of the small intestine is the _______

A

duodenum

59
Q

______ from the stomach _____ with ______ juices from the ______, liver, _______, and the ______ intestine itself

A

Chyme, mixes, digestive, pancreas, gallbladder, small

60
Q

The ______ produces the proteases ________ and _________, which are _______ in the ______ of the duodenum to ______ and _______

A

pancreas, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, activated, lumen, trypsin, chymotrypsin

61
Q

The solution is ______ and neutralizes the acidic chyme

A

alkaline

62
Q

Bile is made in the _____ and stored in the _______

A

liver, gallbladder

63
Q

______ salts facilitate _______ of fats and are a major component of bile

A

Bile, digestion

64
Q

Bile also destroys nonfunctional _____ blood cells

A

red

65
Q

The _______ intestine has a _____ surface area due to _____ and _______ that are exposed to the intestinal lumen

A

small, huge, villi, microvilli

66
Q

The enormous microvillar surface creates a ______ border that greatly _____ the rate of nutrient absorption

A

brush, increases

67
Q

______ across the epithelial cells can be ____ or active, depending on the nutrient

A

Transport, passive

68
Q

The _____ portal vein carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the _____, then to the ______

A

hepatic, liver, heart

69
Q

The ____, regulates nutrient ______, ______ many organic molecules

A

liver, distribution, detoxifies

70
Q

Epithelial cells _____ fatty acids and _______ and recombine them into _______

A

absorb, monoglycerides, triglycerides

71
Q

These fats are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water-soluble ________

A

chylomicrons

72
Q

Chylomicrons are transported into a _______, a _______ vessel in each villus

A

lacteal, lymphatic

73
Q

The alimentary canal ______ with the ______ intestine

A

ends, large

74
Q

It includes the ____, _____, and _____

A

cecum, colon, rectum

75
Q

The ______ aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet

A

cecum

76
Q

The ______ leads to the rectum to the anus

A

colon

77
Q

The human cecum has an extension called the ______, which plays a minor role in immunity

A

appendix

78
Q

The _____ complete the _______ of water that began in the small intestine

A

colon, recovery

79
Q

______, the wastes of the digestive system, become _____ solid as they move through the colon

A

Feces, more

80
Q

Feces are ______ in the ______ until they can be eliminated through the anus

A

stored, rectum

81
Q

Many ______ have large, expandable stomachs

A

carnivores

82
Q

_______ and _______ generally have longer alimentary canals than carnivores, reflecting the longer time needed to digest vegetation

A

Herbivores, omnivores

83
Q

Some intestinal bacteria can produce _____, regulate the development of the intestinal ______ epithelium and regulate the _____ of the innate ______ system

A

vitamins, epithelium, function, immune

84
Q

Many herbivores have ________ chambers, where mutualistic microorganisms digest _______

A

fermentation, cellulose

85
Q

______ and ______ pass food through their alimentary canal twice ______ _______!

A

Rabbits, rodents, POO Eaters

86
Q

The most elaborate adaptations for an herbivorous diet are in animals called _______

A

ruminar

87
Q

Giant _______ have no digestive system and instead obtain nutrients from mutualistic bacteria within their bodies

A

tubeworms

88
Q

The ________ division of the nervous system helps to regulate the digestive process

A

enteric

89
Q

The _________ system also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones

A

endocrine

90
Q

Food arrives in the _______
Stretches _______ walls
Triggers the release of ________
______ enters the blood and comes back to the ______
Gastrin stimulated the production of ______ juices

A

stomach
stomach
gastrin
gastrin
gastric

91
Q

_____ and ______ are released by the small intestine and stimulate the pancreases to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

A

CCK and Secretin

92
Q

CCK _____ the contraction of the gallbladder and ______ of bile

A

stimulates, release

93
Q

CCK and Secretin inhibits _______ and the release of _______ juice

A

peristalsis, gastric

94
Q

In humans, ______ is ______ first in the ______ and muscle cells in the polymer ______

A

energy, stored, liver, glycogen

95
Q

Excess energy is stored in _____ in _____ cells

A

fat, adipose

96
Q

When fewer calories are taken in than expended, the human body expends _____ glycogen ______, then ______ glycogen and ______

A

liver, first, muscle, fat

97
Q

Synthesis and breakdown of _______ are central to maintaining metabolic balance

A

glycogen

98
Q

The ______ is the ______ for ______ homeostasis

A

liver, site, glucose

99
Q

A _______ rick meal raises _______ levels, which triggers the synthesis of _______

A

carbohydrate, insulin, glycogen

100
Q

_____ blood sugar causes ______ to stimulate the breakdown of ______ and release ______

A

Low, glucagon, glycogen, glucose

101
Q

_______ cells are an exception; they can take up _____ whether or ____ insulin is present

A

Brain, glucose, not

102
Q

______ and _______ are both produced in the islets of the ______

A

Glucagon, insulin, pancreas

103
Q

Alpha cells - ______, Beta cells - ______

A

glucagon, insulin

104
Q

The disease _______ _______ is caused by deficiency of _______ or a decreased response to insulin in target issues

A

diabetes mellitus, insulin

105
Q

Sugar in the ______ is one test for ______

A

urine, diabetes

106
Q

Type 1 diabetes is an ______ disorder in which the immune system _____ the _____ cells of the pancreas

A

autoimmune, destroys, beta

107
Q

Type 2 diabetes, or non-_______ _______ diabetes, is characterized by a ______ of target cells to respond normally to ______

A

insulin dependent, failure, insulin

108
Q

______ regulate long term and short term ______ by affecting a ______ center in the brain

A

Hormones, appetite, satiety

109
Q

______, a hormone ______ by the stomach wall, triggers feelings of ______ before meals

A

Ghrelin, secreted, hunger

110
Q

_______ and _____, a hormone secreted by the _______ intestine after meals, both ______ appetite

A

Insulin, PYY, small, suppress

111
Q

_______, produced by ______ (fat) tissue, also _______ appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

A

Leptin, adipose, suppresses

Biology II (10 decks)

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