Ch. 41 Bio Flashcards
1
Q
What animals eat mainly plants or algae?
A
Herbivores
2
Q
What animals eat other animals?
A
Carnivores
3
Q
What animals regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae?
A
Omnivores
4
Q
What are the four classes of essential nutrient classes?
A
- Essential amino acids
- Essential fatty acids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
5
Q
Animals require __ _____ ______ and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet.
A
20 amino acids
6
Q
The remaining amino acids, the _______ _____ _______ must be obtained from what?
A
essential amino acids, food (animal products)
7
Q
Where can vegetarians obtain all essential amino acids from?
A
Eating varied diet of plant proteins
8
Q
Membranes, signaling, and storage fats are all part of what essential nutrient class?
A
Fatty acids
9
Q
What essential nutrient class contains organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts?
A
Vitamins
10
Q
How many vitamins are essential for humans? What are the two categories of vitamins?
A
Thirteen, fat-soluble and water-soluble
11
Q
What essential nutrient group has simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts?
A
Minerals
12
Q
What is the failure to obtain adequate nutrition? What can this cause?
A
Malnutrition; deformities, disease, death
13
Q
When diet does not provide enough chemical energy?
A
Undernourishment
14
Q
What will an undernourished individual do?
A
- Use up stored fat and carbohydrates
- Break down its own proteins
- Lose muscle mass
15
Q
What is epidemiology?
A
The study of human health and disease in populations
16
Q
The deficiency of _____ acid in pregnant mother causes _______ _____ defects?
A
folic; neural tube
17
Q
What is the act of eating or feeding?
A
Ingestion
18
Q
_______ feeders - sift small food particles from water
A
Filter
19
Q
What do substrate feeders do?
A
Live in or on their food source
20
Q
_______ _______ suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
A
Fluid feeders
21
Q
What feeders eat relatively large pieces of food?
A
Bulk
22
Q
_________ is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb
A
Digestion
23
Q
What type of digestion is chewing or grinding, increases the surface area of food?
A
Mechanical digestion
24
Q
_______ _________ splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes; these are used to build larger molecules
A
Chemical digestion
25
In chemical digestion, the process of ________ ________ splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water
enzymatic hydrolysis
26
__________ is uptake of small molecules by body cells
Absorption
27
What is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system?
Elimination
28
Food particles are engulfed by _________ and liquids by _________
phagocytosis, pinocytosis
29
________ ________ containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes, example?
Food vacuoles; sponges
30
Extracellular digestion is the breakdown of food particles __________ of cells
outside
31
Extracellular digestion occurs in __________ that are _______ with the outside of the animal's body
compartments; continuous
32
Animals with simple body plans have a __________ cavity that functions in both _______ and _______ of nutrients
gastrovascular; digestion, distribution
33
Where does food processing begin?
Oral cavity
34
_______ glands deliver saliva to lubricate food
Salivary
35
Saliva contains _______, a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins
mucus
36
Saliva also contains ________, which breaks down ________ (a carbohydrate; sugar)
amylase, amylose
37
The tongue movements shape food into a ______ and help with swallowing
bolus
38
The throat, or ________, is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea
pharynx
39
The ________ connects to the stomach
esophagus
40
Swallowing causes the ________ to ______ entry to the ______, and the bolus is guided by the _______, the upper part of the respiratory tract
epiglottis, block, trachea, larynx
41
Within the esophagus, food is pushed along from the ______ to the stomach by _______, rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal
pharynx, peristalsis
42
Valves called ______ regulate the movement of material between compartments
sphincters
43
The ______ stores food and processes it into a liquid suspension
stomach
44
The stomach secretes _______ juice
gastric
45
The mixture of ingested food and gastric juice is called _______
chyme
46
Gastric juice has a _____ pH of about ___, which ______ bacteria and ______ proteins
low, 2, kills, denatures
47
Gastric juice is made up of ________ acid and _______
hydrochloric, pepsin
48
Pepsin is a ______, which _______ peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller peptides
protease, breaks
49
_______ cells secrete ______ and ______ ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach
Parietal, hydrogen, chloride
50
________ cells secrete inactive ________, which is _______ to pepsin when mixed with _______ acid in the stomach
Chief, pepsinogen, activated, hydrochloric
51
_______ protects the stomach lining from gastric juice
Mucus
52
Cell division adds a new epithelial layer every ______ days
three
53
Coordinated contraction and relaxation of ______ muscles _______ the stomach's contents
stomach, churn
54
________ prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine
Sphincters
55
If the sphincter at the top of the stomach allow movement of chyme back to the lower end of the esophagus, the result is
"heartburn"
56
The _____ intestine is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal
small
57
Most _______ hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs where?
enzymatic, small intestine
58
The first portion of the small intestine is the _______
duodenum
59
______ from the stomach _____ with ______ juices from the ______, liver, _______, and the ______ intestine itself
Chyme, mixes, digestive, pancreas, gallbladder, small
60
The ______ produces the proteases ________ and _________, which are _______ in the ______ of the duodenum to ______ and _______
pancreas, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, activated, lumen, trypsin, chymotrypsin
61
The solution is ______ and neutralizes the acidic chyme
alkaline
62
Bile is made in the _____ and stored in the _______
liver, gallbladder
63
______ salts facilitate _______ of fats and are a major component of bile
Bile, digestion
64
Bile also destroys nonfunctional _____ blood cells
red
65
The _______ intestine has a _____ surface area due to _____ and _______ that are exposed to the intestinal lumen
small, huge, villi, microvilli
66
The enormous microvillar surface creates a ______ border that greatly _____ the rate of nutrient absorption
brush, increases
67
______ across the epithelial cells can be ____ or active, depending on the nutrient
Transport, passive
68
The _____ portal vein carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the _____, then to the ______
hepatic, liver, heart
69
The ____, regulates nutrient ______, ______ many organic molecules
liver, distribution, detoxifies
70
Epithelial cells _____ fatty acids and _______ and recombine them into _______
absorb, monoglycerides, triglycerides
71
These fats are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water-soluble ________
chylomicrons
72
Chylomicrons are transported into a _______, a _______ vessel in each villus
lacteal, lymphatic
73
The alimentary canal ______ with the ______ intestine
ends, large
74
It includes the ____, _____, and _____
cecum, colon, rectum
75
The ______ aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet
cecum
76
The ______ leads to the rectum to the anus
colon
77
The human cecum has an extension called the ______, which plays a minor role in immunity
appendix
78
The _____ complete the _______ of water that began in the small intestine
colon, recovery
79
______, the wastes of the digestive system, become _____ solid as they move through the colon
Feces, more
80
Feces are ______ in the ______ until they can be eliminated through the anus
stored, rectum
81
Many ______ have large, expandable stomachs
carnivores
82
_______ and _______ generally have longer alimentary canals than carnivores, reflecting the longer time needed to digest vegetation
Herbivores, omnivores
83
Some intestinal bacteria can produce _____, regulate the development of the intestinal ______ epithelium and regulate the _____ of the innate ______ system
vitamins, epithelium, function, immune
84
Many herbivores have ________ chambers, where mutualistic microorganisms digest _______
fermentation, cellulose
85
______ and ______ pass food through their alimentary canal twice ______ _______!
Rabbits, rodents, POO Eaters
86
The most elaborate adaptations for an herbivorous diet are in animals called _______
ruminar
87
Giant _______ have no digestive system and instead obtain nutrients from mutualistic bacteria within their bodies
tubeworms
88
The ________ division of the nervous system helps to regulate the digestive process
enteric
89
The _________ system also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones
endocrine
90
Food arrives in the _______
Stretches _______ walls
Triggers the release of ________
______ enters the blood and comes back to the ______
Gastrin stimulated the production of ______ juices
stomach
stomach
gastrin
gastrin
gastric
91
_____ and ______ are released by the small intestine and stimulate the pancreases to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
CCK and Secretin
92
CCK _____ the contraction of the gallbladder and ______ of bile
stimulates, release
93
CCK and Secretin inhibits _______ and the release of _______ juice
peristalsis, gastric
94
In humans, ______ is ______ first in the ______ and muscle cells in the polymer ______
energy, stored, liver, glycogen
95
Excess energy is stored in _____ in _____ cells
fat, adipose
96
When fewer calories are taken in than expended, the human body expends _____ glycogen ______, then ______ glycogen and ______
liver, first, muscle, fat
97
Synthesis and breakdown of _______ are central to maintaining metabolic balance
glycogen
98
The ______ is the ______ for ______ homeostasis
liver, site, glucose
99
A _______ rick meal raises _______ levels, which triggers the synthesis of _______
carbohydrate, insulin, glycogen
100
_____ blood sugar causes ______ to stimulate the breakdown of ______ and release ______
Low, glucagon, glycogen, glucose
101
_______ cells are an exception; they can take up _____ whether or ____ insulin is present
Brain, glucose, not
102
______ and _______ are both produced in the islets of the ______
Glucagon, insulin, pancreas
103
Alpha cells - ______, Beta cells - ______
glucagon, insulin
104
The disease _______ _______ is caused by deficiency of _______ or a decreased response to insulin in target issues
diabetes mellitus, insulin
105
Sugar in the ______ is one test for ______
urine, diabetes
106
Type 1 diabetes is an ______ disorder in which the immune system _____ the _____ cells of the pancreas
autoimmune, destroys, beta
107
Type 2 diabetes, or non-_______ _______ diabetes, is characterized by a ______ of target cells to respond normally to ______
insulin dependent, failure, insulin
108
______ regulate long term and short term ______ by affecting a ______ center in the brain
Hormones, appetite, satiety
109
______, a hormone ______ by the stomach wall, triggers feelings of ______ before meals
Ghrelin, secreted, hunger
110
_______ and _____, a hormone secreted by the _______ intestine after meals, both ______ appetite
Insulin, PYY, small, suppress
111
_______, produced by ______ (fat) tissue, also _______ appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels
Leptin, adipose, suppresses
