Ch. 54 (pt. 1)

Question 1

Community

Answer 1

an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

Question 2

Interspecific interactions

Answer 2

relationships between species in a community

Question 3

Examples of interspecific interactions?

Answer 3

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

Question 4

Competition

Answer 4

species compete for a resource that limits survival and reproduction

Question 5

In order for competition to occur resources must be what?

Answer 5

in short supply

Question 6

Competitive exclusion

Answer 6

local elimination of a competing species

Question 7

G.F. Gause

Answer 7

two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist permanently in the same place

Question 8

Ecological niche

Answer 8

sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources; it can be though of as an organism’s ecological role

Question 9

Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are ___ or more significant differences in their _____

Answer 9

one, niches

Question 10

Resource partitioning

Answer 10

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

Question 11

Fundamental niche

Answer 11

niche potentially occupied by that species

Question 12

Realized niche

Answer 12

niche actually occupied by that species

Question 13

Character displacement

Answer 13

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

Question 14

Sympatric

Answer 14

occurring within the same geographical area; overlapping distribution

Question 15

Allopatric

Answer 15

occurring in separate non overlapping geographical areas

Question 16

Exploitation

Answer 16

any +/- interaction in which one species benefits by feeding on the other species

Question 17

Exploitative interactions include what?

Answer 17

predation, herbivory, parasitism

Question 18

Predation

Answer 18

refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

Question 19

Predators

Answer 19

have adaptations that enable them to find, identify, catch, and subdue their prey

Question 20

Prey

Answer 20

displays various adaptation to avoid being eaten

Question 21

Bright warning coloration/ aposematic coloration

Answer 21

animals with effective chemical defenses

Question 22

Cryptic coloration

Answer 22

camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot

Question 23

Batesian mimicry

Answer 23

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

Question 24

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 24

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

Question 25

Mimicry has enable many _____ approach prey

Answer 25

predators

Question 26

Herbivory

Answer 26

refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

Question 27

Adaptations for herbivores

Answer 27

specialized teeth or digestive systems for processing vegetation

Question 28

Plant defenses

Answer 28

produce toxin distasteful chemicals mechanical defenses, such as spines or thorns

Question 29

Parasitism

Answer 29

one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

Question 30

Endoparasites

Answer 30

parasites that live within the body of their host

Question 31

Ectoparasites

Answer 31

parasites that live on the external surface of a host

Question 32

Many parasites have a ______ life cycle involving multiple ______

Answer 32

complex, hosts

Question 33

What do some parasites do to increase the likelihood that the parasite will be transmitted to the next host?

Answer 33

change the behavior of the host

Question 34

What can parasites affect?

Answer 34

survival, reproduction, density of host population, directly or indirectly

Question 35

Positive interactions

Answer 35

at least one species benefits and neither is harmed

Question 36

Positive interactions

Answer 36

mutualism and commensalism

Question 37

Mutualism

Answer 37

common interspecific interaction that benefits both species

Question 38

Commensalism

Answer 38

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Question 39

Two fundamental features of community structure?

Answer 39

species diversity and feeding relationships

Question 40

species diversity

Answer 40

the variety of organisms that make up the community

Question 41

Two components of species diversity

Answer 41

species richness relative abundance

Question 42

Species richness

Answer 42

number of different species in the community

Question 43

Relative abundance

Answer 43

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

Question 44

Two communities can have the ____ species richness but a _____ relative abundance

Answer 44

same, different

Question 45

Communities with higher density are?

Answer 45

more productive more stable better able to withstand and recover more resistant

Question 46

More productive

Answer 46

they produce more biomass the total mass of all organisms

Question 47

More stable

Answer 47

in their productivity

Question 48

Withstand and recover

Answer 48

from environmental stresses

Question 49

Invasive species

Answer 49

organisms that become established outside their native range

Question 50

Trophic structure

Answer 50

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

Question 51

Food chains

Answer 51

link trophic levels from producers to top carnivorest

Question 52

Trophic level

Answer 52

the position an organism occupies in a food chain

Question 53

Food web

Answer 53

a group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions

Question 54

Energetic hypothesis

Answer 54

length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

Question 55

How much energy is stored in organic matter at each trophic level that is converted to organic matter at the next trophic level

Answer 55

10%

Question 56

How much energy is transferred from a primary producer (flower) to a primary consumer (insect)?

Answer 56

10% from 10,000 J --> 1,000 J

Question 57

How is the food chain length limited?

Answer 57

carnivores tend to be larger at higher trophic levels

Question 58

What does a food web usually consist of?

Answer 58

solar energy --> producer --> consumer --> consumer

Question 59

Terrestrial food chain

Answer 59

plant --> herbivore --> carnivore --> carnivore --> carnivore

Question 60

Marine food chain

Answer 60

phytoplankton --> zooplankton --> carnivore --> carnivore --> carnivore