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Biology II > Ch. 54 (pt. 1) > Flashcards

Ch. 54 (pt. 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Community

A

an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

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2
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

relationships between species in a community

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3
Q

Examples of interspecific interactions?

A

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

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4
Q

Competition

A

species compete for a resource that limits survival and reproduction

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5
Q

In order for competition to occur resources must be what?

A

in short supply

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6
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

local elimination of a competing species

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7
Q

G.F. Gause

A

two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist permanently in the same place

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8
Q

Ecological niche

A

sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources; it can be though of as an organism’s ecological role

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9
Q

Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are ___ or more significant differences in their _____

A

one, niches

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10
Q

Resource partitioning

A

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

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11
Q

Fundamental niche

A

niche potentially occupied by that species

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12
Q

Realized niche

A

niche actually occupied by that species

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13
Q

Character displacement

A

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

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14
Q

Sympatric

A

occurring within the same geographical area; overlapping distribution

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15
Q

Allopatric

A

occurring in separate non overlapping geographical areas

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16
Q

Exploitation

A

any +/- interaction in which one species benefits by feeding on the other species

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17
Q

Exploitative interactions include what?

A

predation, herbivory, parasitism

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18
Q

Predation

A

refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

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19
Q

Predators

A

have adaptations that enable them to find, identify, catch, and subdue their prey

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20
Q

Prey

A

displays various adaptation to avoid being eaten

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21
Q

Bright warning coloration/ aposematic coloration

A

animals with effective chemical defenses

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22
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot

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23
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

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24
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

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25
Q

Mimicry has enable many _____ approach prey

A

predators

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26
Q

Herbivory

A

refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

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27
Q

Adaptations for herbivores

A

specialized teeth or digestive systems for processing vegetation

28
Q

Plant defenses

A

produce toxin
distasteful chemicals
mechanical defenses, such as spines or thorns

29
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

30
Q

Endoparasites

A

parasites that live within the body of their host

31
Q

Ectoparasites

A

parasites that live on the external surface of a host

32
Q

Many parasites have a ______ life cycle involving multiple ______

A

complex, hosts

33
Q

What do some parasites do to increase the likelihood that the parasite will be transmitted to the next host?

A

change the behavior of the host

34
Q

What can parasites affect?

A

survival, reproduction, density of host population, directly or indirectly

35
Q

Positive interactions

A

at least one species benefits and neither is harmed

36
Q

Positive interactions

A

mutualism and commensalism

37
Q

Mutualism

A

common interspecific interaction that benefits both species

38
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

39
Q

Two fundamental features of community structure?

A

species diversity and feeding relationships

40
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of organisms that make up the community

41
Q

Two components of species diversity

A

species richness
relative abundance

42
Q

Species richness

A

number of different species in the community

43
Q

Relative abundance

A

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

44
Q

Two communities can have the ____ species richness but a _____ relative abundance

A

same, different

45
Q

Communities with higher density are?

A

more productive
more stable
better able to withstand and recover
more resistant

46
Q

More productive

A

they produce more biomass
the total mass of all organisms

47
Q

More stable

A

in their productivity

48
Q

Withstand and recover

A

from environmental stresses

49
Q

Invasive species

A

organisms that become established outside their native range

50
Q

Trophic structure

A

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

51
Q

Food chains

A

link trophic levels from producers to top carnivorest

52
Q

Trophic level

A

the position an organism occupies in a food chain

53
Q

Food web

A

a group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions

54
Q

Energetic hypothesis

A

length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

55
Q

How much energy is stored in organic matter at each trophic level that is converted to organic matter at the next trophic level

A

10%

56
Q

How much energy is transferred from a primary producer (flower) to a primary consumer (insect)?

A

10%
from 10,000 J –> 1,000 J

57
Q

How is the food chain length limited?

A

carnivores tend to be larger at higher trophic levels

58
Q

What does a food web usually consist of?

A

solar energy –> producer –> consumer –> consumer

59
Q

Terrestrial food chain

A

plant –> herbivore –> carnivore –> carnivore –> carnivore

60
Q

Marine food chain

A

phytoplankton –> zooplankton –> carnivore –> carnivore –> carnivore

61
Q
A
62
Q
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63
Q
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64
Q
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65
Q
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66
Q
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67
Q
A

Biology II (10 decks)

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