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Biology II > Ch. 53 > Flashcards

Ch. 53 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population ecology

A

abundance, dispersion, and age structure of populations

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2
Q

Example of population ecology

A

number of loggerhead turtle hatchlings that survive their first journey to the ocean

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3
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

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4
Q

How are populations described?

A

boundaries and size

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5
Q

Population size

A

number of individuals

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6
Q

Density

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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7
Q

Dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

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8
Q

Sampling techniques

A

are used to estimate densities and total population sizes

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9
Q

Population size can be estimated how?

A

extrapolation from small samples
an index of population size
mark recapture method

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10
Q

Mark recapture method

A

capture a small number of individuals, put a harmless mark on them, and release them back into the population

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11
Q

Population size is estimated by?

A

N = sn/x

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12
Q

Immigration

A

influx of new individuals from other areas

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13
Q

Emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population

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14
Q

How does a population grow?

A

births and immigration

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15
Q

How can a population decrease?

A

deaths and emigration

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16
Q

What is the most common pattern of dispersion?

A

clumped; individuals aggregate in patches

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17
Q

What are clumped dispersions influenced by?

A

resource availability
mating behavior
group defense

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18
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

individuals are evenly distributed

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19
Q

What influences uniform dispersion?

A

social interactions; territoriality

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20
Q

Territoriality

A

the defense of a bounded space against other individuals

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21
Q

Random dispersion

A

position of each individual is independent of other individuals

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22
Q

When do random dispersions occur?

A

absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals

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23
Q

Demography

A

the study of these vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

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24
Q

Life table

A

age specific summary of the survival and reproductive rates within a population

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25
Q

Cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age

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26
Q

Who is ignored when studying sexually reproducing species?

A

Males

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27
Q

What does the life table of female Belding’s ground squirrels reveal about their population?

A

provides data about the proportions of females alive at each age and the number of female offspring produced per female

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28
Q
A
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29
Q
A
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29
Q

What are the three classifications of survivorship curve

A

Type I
Type II
Type III

29
Q

Survivorship curve

A

a graphic way of representing the data in a life table

30
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups

31
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A

a constant death rate over the organism’s life span

32
Q

Type III

A

high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

33
Q

Change in N / Change in T = B - D

A

population growth rate
N - change in population size
t - time
B - number of births
D - number of deaths

34
Q

Change in N / Change in T = R

A

R - difference between number of births and the number of deaths

35
Q

Exponential population growth

A

population increase under idealized conditions

36
Q

What kind of curve results from exponential population growth

A

J-shaped

37
Q

Example situation when J shaped curve was used

A

elephant population in Kruger National Park, South Africa, grew exponentially after hunting was banned

38
Q

Carrying capacity (K)

A

the maximum population size the environment can support
(varies with the abundance of limiting resources)

39
Q

Logistic population growth model

A

per capita rate of population growth approaches zero as the population size nears carrying capacity

40
Q

Why is a logistic model useful?

A

it can be used as a starting point for thinking about how populations grow

41
Q

What can conservation biologists use the logistic growth model for?

A

population recovery
estimate sustainable harvest rates
estimate size below which populations may become extinct

42
Q

Three components of organism’s life history

A
  1. age at first reproduction (maturity)
  2. how often the organism reproduces
  3. how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode (clutch size)
43
Q

Semelparity

A

big-bang reproduction; reproduce one and die

44
Q

Iteroparity

A

repeated reproduction; produce offspring repeatedly

45
Q

Organisms have finite resources which may lead to what?

A

tradeoffs between survival and reproduction

46
Q

Example of tradeoff

A

european kestrels; tradeoff between survival and paternal care

47
Q

What influences trade offs between the number and size of offspring

A

selective pressures

48
Q

Some plants produce a large number of small seeds which does what?

A

Ensures that at least some of them will grow and eventually reproduce

49
Q

Other types of plants produce a moderate number of large seeds why?

A

provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established

50
Q

r species

A

small size organism
many offspring
short life expectancy
each individuals reproduces once
type III survivorship pattern

51
Q

K species

A

large size organism
few offspring produced
long life expectancy
individuals can reproduce more than once
type I or type II survivorship

52
Q

r selected species examples?

A

dandelions, insects

53
Q

K selected species examples

A

elephants, humans

54
Q

Density independent populations

A

birth rate and death rate do not change with population density

55
Q

Density dependent populations

A

birth rates fall and death increase with rising population density

56
Q

What factors can regulate population size?

A

density dependent factors

57
Q

What is an example of negative feedback that regulates population growth?

A

Density dependent birth and death rates

58
Q

Competition for resources, disease, predation, territoriality, toxic wastes, and intrinsic factors are examples of?

A

factors that affect density dependent birth and death rates

59
Q

When increasing population density?

A

intensifies competition for resources and results in a lower birth rate

60
Q

Pathogens spread more rapidly in what populations?

A

dense populations

61
Q

What happens as a result of prey population building up?

A

predators may feed preferentially on that species

62
Q

Territoriality can limit population when?

A

individuals compete for limited space

63
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

physiological factors can regulate population size

64
Q

What contributes to density dependent regulation of population size?

A

accumulation of toxic wastes

65
Q

Example of boom and bust cycles

A

lynx populations follow the 10 year boom and bust cycle of hare populations

66
Q

Emigration increases?

A

when a population becomes crowded and resource competition increases

67
Q

Metapopulations

A

groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration

68
Q

Where do local populations in a metapopulation occupy space?

A

patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat

69
Q

The global population is now more than?

A

7.2 billion people

70
Q

The rate of growth began to slow down when?

A

1960s

71
Q

Age structure

A

relative number of individuals of each age in a population
one important factor affecting population growth is the country’s

72
Q

Population in 2050?

A

8.1 -10.6 billion people

Biology II (10 decks)

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