Ch. 52

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment

Question 2

What is the order of organization of species? broadest - most specific

Answer 2

biosphere
biomes
ecosystems
communities
populations
organisms

Question 3

Organismal Ecology

Answer 3

how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges

Question 4

Population Ecology

Answer 4

factors affecting population size over time
reproduction and what controls population size

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

Question 6

Community Ecology

Answer 6

the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization (prey/predator)
(competition for food/land)

Question 7

Community

Answer 7

group of populations of different species in an area

Question 8

Disturbance

Answer 8

storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community

Question 9

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Answer 9

moderate disturbance = high biodiversity

Question 9

Ecosystem Ecology

Answer 9

energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

Question 10

Ecosystem

Answer 10

communities and the physical factors which they interact

Question 11

Abiotic factors

Answer 11

nonliving attributes; temperature, light, water, and nutrients

Question 12

Biotic factors

Answer 12

bacteria, animals, fungi, plants

Question 13

Biomes - Landscape Ecology

Answer 13

exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

Question 14

Landscape

Answer 14

a mosaic of connected ecosystems

Question 15

Global Ecology

Answer 15

the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

Question 16

Biosphere

Answer 16

global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes

Question 17

Climate

Answer 17

the long term prevailing weather conditions in an area

Question 18

Temperature

Answer 18

differential heating of the earth’s surface

Question 19

Warming Effect of the Sun

Answer 19

establishes temperature variations, circulation of air and water, and evaporation of water

Question 20

What does the warming effect of the sun cause?

Answer 20

latitudinal variations in climate

Question 21

Where is the intensity of sunlight the strongest?

Answer 21

tropics
23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude

Question 22

Descending dry air does what? Ascending moist air does what?

Answer 22

absorbs moisture, releases moisture

Question 23

How is seasonality at high latitudes caused?

Answer 23

tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun

Question 24

What regions have wet and dry seasons due to the changing angle of the sun?

Answer 24

20 N and 20 S latitudes

Question 25

Ocean currents

Answer 25

seasonal changes in wind patterns

Question 26

Ocean currents influence the climate of ______ _______ environments

Answer 26

nearby, terrestrial

Question 27

Currents flowing toward the equator carry ____ water from the poles; currents flowing away from the equator carry _____ water toward the poles

Answer 27

cold, warm

Question 28

As the land ____ at night, air ____ over the warmer water and draws ____ air from land back over the _____, which is replaced by warm ____ from offshore

Answer 28

cools, rises, cooler, water, air

Question 29

Mountains influence what?

Answer 29

air flow over land affect climate in surrounding areas

Question 30

What does warm air do as it rises a mountain?

Answer 30

cools releases moisture on the windward side

Question 31

What does cool dry air do?

Answer 31

absorbs moisture from the land as it descends creating a "rain shadow" in the leeward side

Question 32

In the Northern Hemisphere, south facing slopes receive ______ sunlight than north facing slopes

Answer 32

more

Question 33

What is the increase in elevation that produces a temperature drop of 6 C?

Answer 33

1,000 m

Question 34

Microclimate

Answer 34

fine, localized patterns in climate

Question 35

An example of something that affects microclimate?

Answer 35

forest trees influence surround areas by casting shade altering evaporation from soil

Question 36

Ecotone

Answer 36

area of intergradation

Question 37

In tropical rain forests

Answer 37

rainfall in relatively constant

Question 38

In tropical dry forests

Answer 38

precipitation is highly seasonal

Question 39

Deserts

Answer 39

occur in bands near 30 north and south of the equator and in the interior of continents

Question 40

Desert plant adaptations

Answer 40

heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, and reduced leaf surface area

Question 41

Savanna

Answer 41

huge ecotone grassland dotted with trees less precipitation than a forest

Question 42

The dominant plant species

Answer 42

fire adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought

Question 43

Temperature Grassland

Answer 43

found on many continents precipitation is highly seasonal winters are cold and dry

Question 44

Dominant plants in the grassland

Answer 44

grasses and forbs are adapted to droughts and fire

Question 45

Taiga

Answer 45

Spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth

Question 46

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Answer 46

has vertical layers, including a closed canopy, understory trees, a shrub layer, and an herb layer

Question 47

Tundra

Answer 47

covers expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes

Question 48

Annual precipitaton is lower in _____ tundra than ______ tundra

Answer 48

arctic, alpine

Question 49

Permafrost

Answer 49

permanently frozen layer of soil, restricts the growth of plant roots

Question 50

Mammals in the tundra

Answer 50

musk oxen, caribou, reindeer, bears, wolves, and foxes

Question 51

Oceans make up the largest marine biome, covering about ____% of Earth's surface

Answer 51

75

Question 52

Photic zone

Answer 52

(aquatic biome) has sufficient light for photosynthesis

Question 53

Aphotic zone

Answer 53

receives little light

Question 54

Pelagic zone

Answer 54

photic and aphotic zone

Question 55

Thermocline

Answer 55

separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water

Question 56

Turnover

Answer 56

semiannual mixing of waters that many lakes undergo

Question 57

Turnover mixes what?

Answer 57

oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient rich water from the bottom