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Biology II > Ch. 52 > Flashcards

Ch. 52 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment

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2
Q

What is the order of organization of species? broadest - most specific

A

biosphere
biomes
ecosystems
communities
populations
organisms

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3
Q

Organismal Ecology

A

how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges

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4
Q

Population Ecology

A

factors affecting population size over time
reproduction and what controls population size

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5
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

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6
Q

Community Ecology

A

the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization (prey/predator)
(competition for food/land)

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7
Q

Community

A

group of populations of different species in an area

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8
Q

Disturbance

A

storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community

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9
Q

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

A

moderate disturbance = high biodiversity

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9
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

communities and the physical factors which they interact

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11
Q

Abiotic factors

A

nonliving attributes; temperature, light, water, and nutrients

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12
Q

Biotic factors

A

bacteria, animals, fungi, plants

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13
Q

Biomes - Landscape Ecology

A

exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

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14
Q

Landscape

A

a mosaic of connected ecosystems

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15
Q

Global Ecology

A

the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

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16
Q

Biosphere

A

global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes

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17
Q

Climate

A

the long term prevailing weather conditions in an area

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18
Q

Temperature

A

differential heating of the earth’s surface

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19
Q

Warming Effect of the Sun

A

establishes temperature variations, circulation of air and water, and evaporation of water

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20
Q

What does the warming effect of the sun cause?

A

latitudinal variations in climate

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21
Q

Where is the intensity of sunlight the strongest?

A

tropics
23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude

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22
Q

Descending dry air does what? Ascending moist air does what?

A

absorbs moisture, releases moisture

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23
Q

How is seasonality at high latitudes caused?

A

tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun

24
Q

What regions have wet and dry seasons due to the changing angle of the sun?

A

20 N and 20 S latitudes

25
Q

Ocean currents

A

seasonal changes in wind patterns

26
Q

Ocean currents influence the climate of ______ _______ environments

A

nearby, terrestrial

27
Q

Currents flowing toward the equator carry ____ water from the poles; currents flowing away from the equator carry _____ water toward the poles

A

cold, warm

28
Q

As the land ____ at night, air ____ over the warmer water and draws ____ air from land back over the _____, which is replaced by warm ____ from offshore

A

cools, rises, cooler, water, air

29
Q

Mountains influence what?

A

air flow over land
affect climate in surrounding areas

30
Q

What does warm air do as it rises a mountain?

A

cools
releases moisture on the windward side

31
Q

What does cool dry air do?

A

absorbs moisture from the land as it descends creating a “rain shadow” in the leeward side

32
Q

In the Northern Hemisphere, south facing slopes receive ______ sunlight than north facing slopes

A

more

33
Q

What is the increase in elevation that produces a temperature drop of 6 C?

A

1,000 m

34
Q

Microclimate

A

fine, localized patterns in climate

35
Q

An example of something that affects microclimate?

A

forest trees influence surround areas by casting shade altering evaporation from soil

36
Q

Ecotone

A

area of intergradation

37
Q

In tropical rain forests

A

rainfall in relatively constant

38
Q

In tropical dry forests

A

precipitation is highly seasonal

39
Q

Deserts

A

occur in bands near 30 north and south of the equator and in the interior of continents

40
Q

Desert plant adaptations

A

heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, and reduced leaf surface area

41
Q

Savanna

A

huge ecotone
grassland dotted with trees
less precipitation than a forest

42
Q

The dominant plant species

A

fire adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought

43
Q

Temperature Grassland

A

found on many continents
precipitation is highly seasonal
winters are cold and dry

44
Q

Dominant plants in the grassland

A

grasses and forbs are adapted to droughts and fire

45
Q

Taiga

A

Spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth

46
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest

A

has vertical layers, including a closed canopy, understory trees, a shrub layer, and an herb layer

47
Q

Tundra

A

covers expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes

48
Q

Annual precipitaton is lower in _____ tundra than ______ tundra

A

arctic, alpine

49
Q

Permafrost

A

permanently frozen layer of soil, restricts the growth of plant roots

50
Q

Mammals in the tundra

A

musk oxen, caribou, reindeer, bears, wolves, and foxes

51
Q

Oceans make up the largest marine biome, covering about ____% of Earth’s surface

A

75

52
Q

Photic zone

A

(aquatic biome)
has sufficient light for photosynthesis

53
Q

Aphotic zone

A

receives little light

54
Q

Pelagic zone

A

photic and aphotic zone

55
Q

Thermocline

A

separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water

56
Q

Turnover

A

semiannual mixing of waters that many lakes undergo

57
Q

Turnover mixes what?

A

oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient rich water from the bottom

Biology II (10 decks)

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