ch 31: infants: birth - 1yo Flashcards
EXAM 1 content
how does a child develop / grow?
- head to toe (cephalocaudal)
- inside out (proximal –> distal)
how fast do infants gain weight?
5-7 oz per week
how much do they gain by age of 6 months?
double their birth weight
how much do they gain by age of 1 yo?
triple their birth weight
what is the rate by how much height do they grow?
height increases 1 inch per month x 6 months
do infants grow in spurts or gradual?
spurts
within an infant’s systems, what slows down?
- slowing of RR
- slowing of HR
what if the infant’s head is too big?
their body will grow INTO their head
what is happening with their nervous & digestive system?
there is more of a routine
what is happening to their thermoregulation?
increase of body surface area –> body can regulate more
what systems are maturing?
- digestive processes
- immunologic system
- renal function
what are fine motor development stages we need to look out for in infants + in order?
- grasping objects
- transferring object b/w hands
- pincer grasp
- removing objects from container
- building tower of two blocks
God Travels by Plane w/ Rabbits & Bugs
fine motor: what age do infants grasp objects?
2-3 months
what age do infants transfer objects b/w hands?
7 months
what does it mean if the infant at 7 months is not transferring objects b/w hands?
cerebral palsy or a neuro problem
what age do infants do pincer grasp? (cheerio!)
10 months
what age do infants remove objects from a container?
11 months
what age do infants build a tower of two blocks?
1 yo
what are gross motor development stages we need to look out for in infants + in order?
- head control
- rolling over
- abdomen to back
- back to abdomen - sitting
- prone to sit
Headly Roar Silently Please
what age do infants have head control?
2 months - head lag disappears
at what age do infants roll from the abdomen to back?
5 months
at what age do infants roll from their back to abdomen
6 months
what also happens at 6 months when they start rolling from back to abdomen?
they start pushing up to walk
at what age do infants start sitting?
7 months - tripod counts
at what age do infants go from prone to sitting?
10 months
what is the order of the gross motor development, locomotion?
- crawling
- walking with assistance
- walking alone
Crazy Witches Wallow
what age do infants start crawling?
6-7 months
what also counts as crawling?
scooting
at what age do infants start walking with assistance?
11 months
what is another term for walking with holding onto something
creeping
what is the term for walking with holding onto someone
assistance
at what age do infant start walking alone?
1 yo
what is the Moro neurologic reflex?
startling –> reaches out and tries to grab mom
when does Moro (neuro reflex) start?
birth
when does Moro (neuro reflex) end?
1-4 months
what is the Tonic Neck neurologic reflex?
aka fencing – stretching out the arm the same side they look + bend the opposite arm
when does Tonic Neck (neuro reflex) start?
birth
when does Tonic Neck (neuro reflex) end?
5-7 months
what is the Palmar Grasp neuro reflex?
where if you put something in the infant’s hand they automatically close it
when does Palmar Grasp (neuro reflex) start?
birth
when does Palmar Grasp (neuro reflex) end?
4 months
what is the Babinski neuro reflex?
where the toes flail out when push against your finger
when does Babinski (neuro reflex) start?
birth
when does Babinski (neuro reflex) end?
18-24 months
when does the Blinking & Turning neuro reflex start?
birth
when does the Blinking and Turning neuro reflex end?
never
when is the Rooting (when awake) neuro reflex?
when touching their cheeking –> opening their mouth towards the stimulation
when does the Rooting (when awake) neuro reflex start?
birth
when does the Rooting (when awake) neuro reflex end?
3-4 months
what is the Rooting (when asleep) neuro reflex?
when touching their cheeking –> opening their mouth towards the stimulation
when does the Rooting (when asleep) start?
birth
when does the Rooting (when asleep) end?
7-8 months
what is the Sucking neuro reflex?
if they are sucking, they feel full
what happens when an infant is a premie? How do we keep the Sucking neuro reflex intact?
have an NG tube but still let them suck
when does the Sucking neuro reflex start?
birth
when does the Sucking neuro reflex end?
12 months
when does Stepping neuro reflex start?
birth
when does Stepping neuro reflex end?
4-5 months
what is the Handedness neuro reflex?
starts having a dominant hand
when does Handedness neuro reflex start?
2-3 yo
when does Handedness end?
never
when does Straight Line Walking neuro reflex start?
5-6 yo
when does Straight Line Walking neuro reflex end?
never
when does Blinking To Threat neuro reflex start?
6-7 months
when does Visual Horizontal Following start?
4-6 weeks
when does Visual Vertical Following start?
2-3 months
when does Visual Horizontal & Vertical following end?
never
what stage of Erikson are infants in?
trust vs mistrust
when does trust occur for infants?
feeing & stimulation
when does mistrust occur for infants?
when gratification of needs are delayed
- x changing diaper
- x being fed
if infants are breastfed, what is increased?
biting
what stage of Piaget is happening with infants?
sensorimotor phase
what age is the use of reflexes (Piaget)?
birth - 1 month
what age is using primary circular reactions (Piaget)?
1-4 month
what age do infants use secondary circular reactions (piaget)?
4-8 months
when do they understand object permanence?
9 months
when do infants develop body image parallels with sensory motor development
8 -9 months
- boys will realize they have a penis & start to touch and pull it
what are the infants first perceptions of their body?
anesthetic & tactile experiences
when do infants start recognizing that they are distinct from their parents?
1 yo
what are some social developments in infants?
- attachment
- separation anxiety
- stranger fear
- language development
- play
what is stranger fear?
a neg. attachment of when something bad happens –> they associate it with that person & what they are wearing
how is an infant’s temperament formed? When does this stop?
a close relation to how the family acts & environment & stops around 6-7 yo
how should child care arrangement happen?
only with parents
how should parents set limits & discipline
positive reinforcement
when should you start & stop using a pacifier?
start at 2-3 weeks old –> stop when breast feeding is established
what happens when infants are born with teeth?
it is normal –> clean it
what is the nutrition for an infant from birth to 6 months?
human milk or formula ONLY
- no water
- breastfeed for at least 1 first year of age
what is the nutrition for an infant for the second 6 months of life? 6 months - 1 yo
- introduce solid foods (rice & cereal)
- weaning from breast or bottle
how long should infants 3-4 months sleep in total?
9-11 hours
how long do infants 3-4 months sleep in chunks?
3 hours at a time
do formula fed or breastfed infants awake more often, and why?
breastfed infants
- breast milk does not make baby as full
when should infants get flouride?
6 months
what is the leading cause of ACCIDENTAL death?
car crashes
until what age should a child be in a car seat?
8 yo
what can cause hyperthermia in infants?
overdressing
how can you as the nurse prevent injury to the infant?
- ensure safety at home
- teach parents infant cpr
when should we worried about spitting up?
when it goes across the room
what is colic?
infant cries for a long time for no obvious reason
- can be from sudden abdominal pain
what is positional plagiocephaly?
back to sleep & front to play –> prevents flat head of infants
how can a cow’s milk allergy develop into anaphylaxis?
if you keep exposing them to it
what is ALTE or BRUE
- apparent life threatening event
- brief resolved unexplained event
–> aborted/near miss SIDS or unexplained respiratory pause greater than or equal to 20 seconds
how do we give therapeutic management to ALTE?
- theophylline/caffeine –> helps infant breathe better
- family support & cpr training
what are risk factors for SIDS?
- smoking
- belly when sleeping
- items in crib
- co sleeping
how can we reduce risk of SIDS?
- back when sleeping
- clean crib
- NO SMOKING at all
- crib in the parents room for the first 6 months
- no overheating
