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Medical Terminology- vic > Ch 3 the skeleton > Flashcards

Ch 3 the skeleton Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The skeleton is divided into two parts, what are they?

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

Define axial skeleton

A

is the framework of the body that includes the skull, (sometimes) hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

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3
Q

Define the appendicular skeleton

A

the framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle, includes the bones of the front and hind limbs

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4
Q

Appen- means to …?

A

add or hang - think of the appendages or extremities as structures that hang from the axial skeleton

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5
Q

What does the axial skeleton protect?

A

the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

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6
Q

in the skull in the cranium, define cranium

A

the portion of the skull that encloses the brain

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7
Q

What does the combining form crani/o mean?

A

skull

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8
Q

Define incisive bones

A

forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares

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9
Q

What are air or fluid-filled spaces called in the skull?

A

sinuses

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10
Q

What forms the skull?

A

many individual bones - not just one bone

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11
Q

What are some skull shapes in dogs?

A

Brachycephalic, Dolichocephalic, Mesocephalic or Mesaticephalic

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12
Q

Define Brachycelphalic and give an example of what dog would have this shape of skull?

A

short, wide heads - pug, pekingese, bulldog

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13
Q

Define Dolichocephalic and give an example of what dog would have this shape of skull?

A

narrow, long heads - collies and greyhounds

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14
Q

Define Mesocephalic and give an example of what dog would have this shape of skull?

A

have average width to their heads - Labrador retrievers

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15
Q

Which breed and what shape of skull are a concern when doing anesthesia?

A

Pug, Pekingese, and Bulldogs - have a smash looking face and its hard to keep the mask on face

Shape is Brachycephalic

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16
Q

Define vertebral column?

A

supports the head and body and provides protection for the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the vertebral column also called?

A

the spinal column and backbone

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18
Q

The vertebral column is comprised of …?

A

individual bones called vertebra

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19
Q

What is the plural form of vertebra?

A

vertebrae

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20
Q

What does the combining form spondyl/o mean?

A

disease

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21
Q

What does the combining form vertebr/o mean?

A

vertebra

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22
Q

Define vertebral formulae

A

a shorthand for showing how many vertebrae an animal has of each type/section

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23
Q

What is the vertebral formulae for dogs and cats?

A

C=7, T = 13, L= 7, S=3, Cy = 6-23

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24
Q

What is the vertebral formulae for horses?

A

C = 7, T = 18, L = 5 - 6, S = 5, Cy = 15 - 21

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25
Q

What are the parts of a vertebra?

A

Body, arch, lamina, vertebral foramen, processes, and intervertebral discs

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26
Q

A part of the vertebrae is the body, define it

A

it is the solid portion ventral to the spinal cord

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27
Q

A part of the vertebrae is the arch, define it

A

the dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord

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28
Q

Name the parts of the vertebral body

A
  1. spinous process 2. lamina 3. foramen
  2. transverse process 5. vertebral foramen
  3. lamina 7. arch - shaded area
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29
Q

A part of the vertebrae is the lamina, define it

A

it is the left or right dorsal half of the arch

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30
Q

What does process mean and what do they do?

A

process means projection - they project from the vertebrae

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

A part of the vertebrae is the spinous process, define it

A

it is a single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch

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33
Q

A part of the vertebrae is the transverse process, define it

A

they project laterally from the right and left sides ofthe vertebral arch

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34
Q

Define articular processes

A

are paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch

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35
Q

A part of the vertebrae is the foramen, define it

A

means opening

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36
Q

A part of the vertebrae is the vertebral foramen, define it

A

the opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes

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37
Q

The vertebrae are separated and cushioned from each other by cartilage discs called…?

A

intervertebral discs

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38
Q

Other axial skeleton parts are ribs and sternum - define ribs

A

paired bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae

39
Q

Other axial skeleton parts are ribs and sternum - define sternum

A

or breastbone, forms the midline vertral portion of the rib cage

40
Q

Define manubrium

A

the cranial portion of the sternum

41
Q

Define the body of the sternum

A

the middle portion

42
Q

Define xyphoid process

A

the caudal portion of the sternum

43
Q

What makes up the thoracic cavity?

A

the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae

44
Q

The thoracic cavity or rib cage does what?

A

protects the heart and lungs

45
Q

The appendicular skeleton is composed of …?

A

the bones of the limbs

46
Q

The bones of the front limb from proximal to distal consist of ..?

A

scapula, clavical, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones (cannon bone in livestock) and phalanges

47
Q

What bone is a large trangular bone onthe side of the thorax?

A

the scapula or shoulder blade

48
Q

What bone is a slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula?

A

clavical or collar bone

49
Q

Some animals species have only a ______ or rudimentary, clavical.

A

vestigial

50
Q

Other animal species do not have a clavical. What are some of those species?

A

swine, ruminants, and equine

51
Q

What bone is the long bone of the proximal front limb?

A

humerus

52
Q

The humerus is sometimes called the …?

A

brachium

53
Q

What are the two bones of the forearm or distal front limb?

A

radius and ulna

54
Q

The region that the radius and ulna are in is called the …?

A

antebrachium

55
Q

Ante- means?

A

before`

56
Q

What is the bone that is cranial bone of the front limb?

A

radius

57
Q

What bone is the caudal bone of the front limb?

A

ulna

58
Q

The ulna has a proximal projection called the …?

A

olecranon

59
Q

True or False Some species have a fused radius and ulna.

A

True

60
Q

What bones are irregularly shaped in the area known as the wrist in people?

What are these bones called in small animals and the joint in large animals?

A

carpal bones

carpus - small animals

knee - large animals

61
Q

What are the bones found distal to the carpus?

A

metacarpals

62
Q

Meta means?

A

beyond

63
Q

The metacarpals are identified by numbers from _____ to ______.

A

medial to lateral

64
Q

What is digit one in dogs and cats?

A

dewclaw

65
Q

What digit does equine species have?

A

Digit 3

66
Q

What digits do the species with cloven or split hooves have with 2 and 5 as dewclaws?

A

3 and 5

67
Q

What plalanges in the horse do not articulate with the metacarpals or metatarsals?

A

2 and 4

68
Q

Metatarsals and metacarpals 2 and 5 are commonly called?

A

splint bones

69
Q

Splint bones attached by _______ ligament to the large third metacarpal or metatarsal (cannon bone).

A

interosseous ligament

70
Q

What are the bones of the digits called?

A

the phalanges

71
Q

Phalanges are numbered from _____ to ______.

A

proximal to distal

72
Q

What is the long pastern bone in livestock called?

A

phalanx 1 = P1

73
Q

What is the short pastern bone in livestock called?

A

phalanx = P2

74
Q

What is called the nail or claw in small animals and called the coffin bone in livestock?

A

phalanx 3 = P3

75
Q

The combining form onych/o means?

A

nail

76
Q

One digit is called the …?

A

phalanx

77
Q

Most digits have ___ phallanges, but the most medial phalanx (digit 1) has only ____ plahlanges

A

3 and 2

78
Q

The joint between metacarpal (metatarsal) 3 and the digit is the ..?

A

fetlock joint

79
Q

The bones of the rear limb include the …?

A

pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals (cannon bone in livestock), and phalanges

80
Q

What bone consist of 3 pairs of bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis

A

the pelvis or hip

81
Q

What bones of the pelvis is the largest pair and blade-shaped?

A

ilium

82
Q

What bones of the pelvis is the caudal pair of bones?

A

ischium

83
Q

What bones of the pelvis is the ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by a cartilaginous joint (pubic symphysis)

A

pubis

84
Q

What is the large socket of the pelvic bone that forms when the three bones meet?

A

the acetabulum

85
Q

The acetabulum forms the _____ and _____ with the femur.

A

ball and socket

86
Q

What is the proximal long bone of the rear leg?

A

femur or thigh bone

87
Q

What is a large sesamoid bone in the rear limb?

A

patella

88
Q

What is the joint that houses the patella?

A

stifle

89
Q

What is the bone of the distal long bones that is the larges and more weight-bearing bone of the two?

A

tibia

90
Q

What is the long, slender bone in the distal long bones?

A

fibula

91
Q

What are the irregularly shaped bones found in the area known as the ankle in people and what is this same bone in large animals? What is it called in small animals?

A

tarsal bones, hock, tarsus

92
Q
A
93
Q

What is the long, lateral tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones?

A

calcaneous

Medical Terminology- vic (17 decks)

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