ch 3 Structures of the skeletal system Flashcards
What are the connective tissues associated with the skeletal system?
bone, tendons, ligaments, joints, and cartilage
Bone starts as cartilage and fiborous membranes that harden before birth. What is this process called?
ossification
What does the combining forms oste/o, oss/e, oss/i mean?
bone
What is cortical bone?
hard, dense, strong bone, forms the outer layer of an individual bone
What does cortex mean?
bark or shell in Latin
What is the other name for cortical bone?
compact bone
What is cancellous bone?
lighter, less strong bone, found in the ends and inner portions of long bones
What is another name for cancellous bone?
spongy bone
What kind of marrow is found in cancellous bone?
Red marrow
What does -hemat/o mean?
blood
What does -poietic or -poiesis mean?
pertaining to formation
Red bone marrow, located in cancellous bone, is ..?
hematopoietic
What is hematopoietic?
means that red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and clotting cells
What is the medullary cavity?
the inner space within a bone, contains yellow bone marrow (fat cells and storage)
In adults, what does yellow bone marrow replace?
red bone marrow
What is yellow bone marrow composed of?
mainly fat cells and serves as a fat storage area
Bones are divided into different categories based on what?
bone types, bone shapes and bone functions
Define epiphysis?
it is a wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone
Epi- means?
above
-physis means?
growth
physis is also called the…?
growth plate
Dia- means?
between
Define diaphysis?
a shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
Peri- means?
surrounding
-um means?
structure
Perisosteum means?
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone
Endo- means?
within or inner
Define endosteum means?
tough, fiborous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
What are short bones?
cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (i.e., skull bones - frontal bone)
What are long bones?
bones consisting of shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity (i.e., femur, humerus, tibia, radius)
What are flat bones?
thin, flat bones (i.e., pelvis)
What are pneumatic bones?
sinus-containing bones (i.e., frontal bone, hollow bones - air-holed bones)
What are irregular bones?
sinus-containing bones (i.e., vertebrae), things not paired
What are sesamoid bones?
small bones embedded in a tendon (i.e., patella) (the only exception is the distal sesamoid of the horse)
Bone growth is balanced between the actions of _____ and ______.
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
oste/o =
bone
-blasts =
immature
Osteoblasts are ______ bone cells that produce bony tissue.
immature
Osteocytes are _____ cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of bone.
phagocytic
-clast means?
to break
What is cartilage and what does it do?
it is more elastic than bone and it protects the ends of bones where they contact each other
What does the combining form Chondr/o mean?
cartilage
Define articular cartilage?
a type of cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bone
Define meniscus?
a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints - provides additional cushioning
What are joints or articulations and what do they do?
they are connections between bones
they aid in movement of the body
What is another word for joint?
articulations
The combining form arthr/o means?
joint
What does articulate mean?
means to join in a way that allows motion between the parts
What are the different types of joints and they are classified based on.?
Synarthoses, amphiarthroses, and diarthoses based on their degree of movement
Define synarthroses?
allow no movement (i.e., suture)
Define amphiarthroses?
allow slight movement (i.e., pelvis in ladies)
Define diarthroses?
allow free movement (i.e., synovial joints)
Define suture?
a jagged line where bones join and form a nonmovable joint - typically found in the skull
An example of an amphiarthrosis is?
symphysis
Define symphysis?
a joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone (i.e., halves of mandible, halves of pelvis)
What is another term for symphysis?
cartilaginous joint
Synovial joints are further classified as..?
ball-and-socket joints
What are ball-and-sockets also called?
enarthrosis or spheroid joints
An example of Diathroses: Synovial joints are..?
any joint that have synovial fluid
An example of Diathroses: anthrodial/condyloid joint - where is it located?
in the wrist - carpals (where the radius meets the carpus) and tarsus
An example of Diathroses: trochoid or pivot joint - where is it located?
pully-shaped joints in your head - between atlas and axis
An example of Diathroses: hinge joint - where is it located?
jaw (up and down, open and close)
An example of Diathroses: gliding joint - where is it located?
vertebrae - slide (move or glide over each other
An example of Diathroses: saddle joint (found in primates) - where is it located?
thumb (flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct the thumb)
What kind of motion does the ball-and-socket allow?
a wide range of motion in many directions, such as the hip and shoulder joints
Define ligaments
bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone
The combining form ligament/o means..?
ligament
Define tendon
bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone
The combining form ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o means..?
tendon
Joints are classified based on…?
Their degree of movement
Define Diarthroses
Allow free movement
What are some examples of diarthoses?
synovial, ball and socket, Arthrodial/condyloid, trochoid, hinge, gliding, saddle
