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Medical Terminology- vic > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the suffix that means the study of?

A

-logy

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2
Q

The study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions?

A

Pathology

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3
Q

What is the study of changes in function caused by disease?

A

pathophysiology

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4
Q

What is the study of disease causes?

A

etiology

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5
Q

What term is used to describe how the teeth are arranged in the mouth?

A

the dental arcade

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6
Q

Arcade means…?

A

a series of arches, which is how the teeth are arranged in the oral cavity

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7
Q

The aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue is what surface?

A

lingual surface

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8
Q

The tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue is…?

A

the palatal surface

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9
Q

The tooth surface of the mandible that faces the tongue is…?

A

The lingual surface

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10
Q

What is the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek?

A

buccal surface sometimes called vestibular surface

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11
Q

What is the aspect of the tooth that meet when you chew?

A

The occlusal surfaces

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12
Q

What is the tooth surface facing the lips?

A

the labial surface

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13
Q

What are the aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth?

A

contact surfaces

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14
Q

What are the contact surfaces divided into?

A

mesial and distal

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15
Q

What is the mesial surface?

A

the surface that is closest to the midline of the dental arcade or arch

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16
Q

What is the distal contact surface?

A

the surface that is furthest from the midline of the dental arcade

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17
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

a hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs

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18
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

the hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm

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19
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

the hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity

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20
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

the hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum

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21
Q

What is the pelvic cavity?

A

the hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems (urinary bladder and rectum) organs bounded by the pelvic bones

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22
Q

Where is the regional term abdomen located?

A

the portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity

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23
Q

Where is the regional term thorax located?

A

in the chest region located between the neck and diaphragm

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24
Q

Where is the regional term groin located?

A

in the lower region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh; also known as the inguinal area

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25
Q

What is the inguinal area also called?

A

the groin

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26
Q

What are membranes?

A

thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ

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27
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and it covers some organs in this area

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28
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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29
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs

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30
Q

What is inflammation of the peritoneum called?

A

peritonitis

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31
Q

What is the umbilicus?

A

the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus - also called the navel

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32
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity

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33
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

superficial to the peritoneum

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34
Q

What is the only medical term for lying down is …?

A

recumbent - modified depending on what side is facing down

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35
Q

What does lay mean?

A

to put, place, or prepare

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36
Q

What does laid mean?

A

past tense of lay

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37
Q

What is laying?

A

present tense of lay

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38
Q

What does lie mean?

A

to recline or be situated?

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39
Q

What does laid mean?

A

past tense of lie

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40
Q

What does lying mean?

A

present tense of lie

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41
Q

What does adduction mean?

A

movement toward the midline

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42
Q

What does abduction mean?

A

movement away from the midline

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43
Q

What does flexion mean?

A

closure of a joint angle, or reduction of the angle between two bones

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44
Q

What does extension mean?

A

straightening of a joint or an increase in the angle between two bones

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45
Q

What is hyperflexion and hyperextension?

A

occur when a joint is flexed or extended too far
Hyperflexion is the palmar or plantar movement of the joint angles. Hyperextension is the dorsal movement of the joints beyond the reference angle

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46
Q

What is supination?

A

the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward

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47
Q

What is pronation?

A

the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward

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48
Q

What is rotation?

A

another term of movement that means circular movement around an axis

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49
Q

What are cells?

A

the structural units of the body and are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs

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50
Q

What is the combining form for cell?

A

cyt/o

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51
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cells?

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52
Q

What does the suffix -logy mean?

A

the study of

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53
Q

Cytology means?

A

studying cell origin, structure, function, and pathology

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54
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

what the the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus are collectively called

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55
Q

What does the suffix -plasm mean?

A

means formative material of cells

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56
Q

What is the combining form prot/o mean?

A

means first

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57
Q

What does cell membrane (or plasma membrane mean?

A

the structure lining the cell that protects the cell’s contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell

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58
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

the gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

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59
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

the structure in a cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane

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60
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

the material in the nucleus

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61
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

the structures in the nucleus composed of DNA which transmits genetic information

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62
Q

What is genetic?

A

a term used to denote something that pertains to genes or heredity

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63
Q

What is a genetic disorder?

A

any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes

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64
Q

What is congenital?

A

denotes something that is present at birth

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65
Q

What is an anomaly?

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

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66
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function

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67
Q

What is histology?

A

the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue

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68
Q

What does the combining form hist/o mean?

A

the combining form for tissue

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69
Q

What are 4 types of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

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70
Q

What is epithelial or epitheleum tissue?

A

covers, lines, and protects internal and external body surfaces. Also made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements

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71
Q

Epi- is a prefix that means…?

A

above

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72
Q

thel/o is a combining form that means…?

A

nipple - and any thin membrane

73
Q

-um is a suffix that means…?

A

structure

74
Q

What is the epithelial tissue further divided into?

A

mesothelium and endothelium

75
Q

What is endothelium?

A

the cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs including the blood vessels

76
Q

Endo- is a prefix meaning…?

A

within

77
Q

Mesothelium means…?

A

the cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum

78
Q

The prefix meso- means…?

A

middle

79
Q

Connective tissue means…?

A

is another tissue type that adds support and structure to the body by holding organs in place and binding body parts together

80
Q

What are some types of connective tissue?

A

bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue (found in tendons and ligaments), loose connective tissue, and blood

81
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

another form of connective tissue, known as fat

82
Q

Adip/o is the combining form for…?

A

fat

83
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

another tissue type that contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax

84
Q

What are the 3 muscle types that exist in animals?

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

85
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

86
Q

The suffix -plasia means?

A

used to describe formation, development, and growth of tissue and cell numbers

87
Q

The suffix -trophy means…?

A

formation, development, and increase in the size of tissue and cells

88
Q

Anaplasia means?

A

a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other

89
Q

Aplasia means?

A

lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

90
Q

Dysplasia means?

A

abnormal growth or development of an organ, a tissue or a cell

91
Q

Hyperplasia means?

A

an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ, a tissue, or a cell

92
Q

Hypoplasia means?

A

incomplete or less than normal development of an organ, a tissue, or a cell

93
Q

Neoplasia means?

A

any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive.

94
Q

Tumors may be ___________ or _____________.

A

benign or malignant

95
Q

What does benign mean?

A

not recurring

96
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

tending to spread and be life threatening

97
Q

The suffix -oma means?

A

tumor or neoplasm

98
Q

Atrophy means?

A

decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue or cell

99
Q

Dystrophy means?

A

defective growth in the size of an organ, a tissue, or cell

100
Q

Hypertrophy means?

A

increase in the size of an organ, tissue, or cell

101
Q

The prefix a- and ana - means?

A

without

102
Q

The prefix hypo - means?

A

less than normal

103
Q

The prefix hyper- means?

A

more than normal

104
Q

The prefix dys- means?

A

bad

105
Q

The prefix neo- means?

A

new

106
Q

Glands are..?

A

groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body

107
Q

Aden/o is the combining form for…?

A

gland

108
Q

Glands are divided into 2 categories. What are they?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

109
Q

Exocrine glands are…?

A

groups of cells that secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ Examples: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and the portion of the pancreas that secretes digestive chemicals

110
Q

Endocrine glands are…?

A

groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body. They are also ductless. Examples: thyroid gland, the pituitary gland, and the portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin

111
Q

An organ is…?

A

a part of the body that performs a special function or functions

112
Q

Under the skeletal system, the combining forms for bones are …?

A

oste/o, oss/e, oss/i

113
Q

Under the skeletal system, the combining form for joints is…?

A

arthr/o

114
Q

Under the skeletal system, the combining form for cartilage is…?

A

chondr/o

115
Q

What are the major functions for the skeletal system that includes bone, joints, & cartilage?

A

support and shape, protection, hematopoiesis mineral storage

116
Q

Under the muscular system, the combining form for muscles is…?

A

my/o

117
Q

Under the muscular system, the combining forms for fascia are…?

A

fasc/i, fasci/o

118
Q

Under the muscular system, the combining forms for tendons are…?

A

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

119
Q

What are the major functions for the muscular system that includes muscles, fascia, and tendons?

A

locomotion, movement of the body fluids, body heat generation

120
Q

Under the cardiovascular system, the combining form for heart is…?

A

cardi/o

121
Q

Under the cardiovascular system, the combining form for arteries is…?

A

arteri/o

122
Q

Under the cardiovascular system, the combining forms for veins are…?

A

ven/o, phleb/o

123
Q

Under the cardiovascular system, the combining forms for blood are…?

A

hem/o, hemat/o

124
Q

What are the major functions for the cardiovascular system that includes heart, arteries, veins, and blood?

A

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue, transports cellular waste from the body, performs immune function and endocrine function

125
Q

Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for lymph vessels, fluid and nodes is….?

A

lymph/o

126
Q

Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for tonsils is…?

A

tonsill/o

127
Q

Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for spleen is …?

A

splen/o

128
Q

Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for thymus is …?

A

thym/o

129
Q

What are the major functions for the lymphatic and immune systems that includes lymph vessels, fluid and nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus…?

A

provide nutrients to and remove waste from tissues, protect the body from harmful substances

130
Q

Under the respiratory system, the combining forms for nose or nares are…?

A

nas/o, rhin/o

131
Q

Under the respiratory system, the combining form for pharynx is…?

A

pharyng/o

132
Q

Under the respiratory system, the combining form for trachea is…?

A

trache/o

133
Q

Under the respiratory system, the combining form for larynx is…?

A

laryng/o

134
Q

Under the respiratory system, the combining forms for lungs are…?

A

pneum/o, pneumon/o

135
Q

What are the major functions for the respiratory system that includes nose or nares, pharynx, trachea, larynx, lungs?

A

brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells, removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body

136
Q

Under the digestive system, the combining forms for mouth are…?

A

or/o, stomat/o

137
Q

Under the digestive system, the combining form for esophagus is…?

A

esophag/o

138
Q

Under the digestive system, the combining form for stomach is…?

A

gastr/o

139
Q

Under the digestive system, the combining form for small intestine is…?

A

enter/o

140
Q

Under the digestive system, the combining forms for large intestine are…?

A

col/o, colon/o

141
Q

Under the digestive system, the combining form for liver is…?

A

hepat/o

142
Q

Under the digestive system, the combining form for pancreas is…?

A

pancreat/o

143
Q

What are the major functions for the digestive system that includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas?

A

digestion of ingested food, absorption of digested food, elimination of solid waste

144
Q

Under the urinary system, the combining forms for kidneys are…?

A

ren/o, nephr/o

145
Q

Under the urinary system, the combining form for ureters is…?

A

ureter/o

146
Q

Under the urinary system, the combining form for urinary bladder is…?

A

cyst/o

147
Q

Under the urinary system, the combining form for urethra is…?

A

urethr/o

148
Q

What are the major functions for the urinary system that includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?

A

filters blood to remove waste, maintains electrolyte balance, regulates fluid balance

149
Q

Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for nerves are…?

A

neur/o, neur/i

150
Q

Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining form for brain is…?

A

encephal/o

151
Q

Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining form for spinal cord is…?

A

myel/o

152
Q

Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for eyes are…?

A

ophthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o, opt/i

153
Q

Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining form for sight is…?

A

optic/o

154
Q

Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for ears are…?

A

ot/o, aur/i, aur/o, audit/o, aud/i

155
Q

Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for external ear = sound are…?

A

acoust/o, acous/o

156
Q

What are the major functions for the nervous system and special senses that includes nerves, brain, spinal cord, eyes, sight, ears, external ear = sound?

A

coordinating mechanism, reception of stimuli, transmission of messages

157
Q

Under the integumentary system, the combining forms for skin are…?

A

dermat/o, derm/o, cutane/o

158
Q

What are the major functions for the integumentary system that includes skin?

A

protection of body, temperature, and water regulation

159
Q

Under the endocrine system, the combining form for adrenals is…?

A

adren/o

160
Q

Under the endocrine system, the combining form for gonads is…?

A

gonad/o

161
Q

Under the endocrine system, the combining form for pineal is…?

A

pineal/o

162
Q

Under the endocrine system, the combining form for pituitary is…?

A

pituit/o

163
Q

Under the endocrine system, the combining forms for thyroid are…?

A

thyroid/o, thyr/o

164
Q

What are the major functions for the endocrine system that includes adrenals, gonads, pineal, pituitary, thyroid?

A

integrates body functions, homeostasis, growth

165
Q

Under the reproductive system, the combining forms for testes are…?

A

orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, testicul/o

166
Q

Under the reproductive system, the combining forms for ovaries are…?

A

ovari/o, oophor/o,

167
Q

Under the reproductive system, the combining forms for uterus are…?

A

hyster/o, metr/o, metr/i, metri/o, uter/o

168
Q

What are the major functions for the reproductive system that includes testes, ovaries, uterus?

A

production of new life

169
Q

uni- , mono- means?

A

mono

170
Q

duo-, bi-, dyo- means?

A

two

171
Q

tri- means?

A

three

172
Q

quadri- or quadro-, tetr- or tetra- means?

A

four

173
Q

quinqu-, quint-, pent- or penta- means?

A

five

174
Q

sex-, hex- or hexa- means?

A

six

175
Q

sept-, septi-, hept- or hepta- means?

A

seven

176
Q

octo-, oct-, octa-, or octo- means?

A

eight

177
Q

novem- or nonus-, ennea- means?

A

nine

178
Q

deca- or decem-, dek- or deka- means?

A

ten

Medical Terminology- vic (17 decks)

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