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A&P I > Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What forms a pore through with a specific ion can flow to get across membrane?

A

Ion channel

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2
Q

transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape, aka transporters

A

Carrier Protein

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3
Q

recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way

A

Receptor protein

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4
Q

Protein Catalyzes reaction inside or outside of the membrane (depending on which direction the active site faces)

A

Enzyme Protein

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5
Q

what makes the plasma membrane stronger at with less fluid at normal body temperature, and increases fluidity at low temperatures

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

Composition of the lipid by layer?

A
  • Phospholipids 75%
  • Cholesterol 20%
  • Glycoprotein 5%
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7
Q

having non-polar and polar parts

A

Amphipathic

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8
Q

a specific molecule that binds to a receptor

A

Ligand

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9
Q

Protein that distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s

A

Cell Identity Marker

MHC Protein

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10
Q

Protein that are integral proteins

A
  • ion Channels
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
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11
Q

Proteins that are peripheral proteins

A
  • Cell Identity Markers
  • MHC
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12
Q

What is the reason for gradients being produced?

A

Selective Permeability

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13
Q

no energy required from cell to perform this transport, usually moves down gradient

A

Passive Transport

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14
Q

Cellular energy I used to drive the substance “uphill” of the gradient

A

Active Transport

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15
Q

Types of passive transports

A

Diffusion (Simple, Facilitated, Channel Mediated, Carrier Mediated )

Osmosis

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16
Q

Types of Active Transport

A

-

Primary Active

Secondary Active

Transport Vesicles

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Transcytosis

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17
Q

A passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of cells without the help of transport proteins

A

Simple Diffusion

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18
Q

Integral membrane proteins are used to assist the movement into the cells

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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19
Q

Integral proteins that allow passage of small, inorganic ions that are too hydrophilic to go through membrane (K+, Na+)

A

Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

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20
Q

Type of diffusion that a solute binds to a specific carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the carrier undergoes a change in shape?

A

Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

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21
Q

What moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?

A

Water, this process is called Osmosis

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22
Q

Pressure that is exerted by liquid on its side of the membrane

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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23
Q

Pressure that is proportional to the concentration of solutes that cannot cross the membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

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24
Q

Solutions ability to change the volume of its cells by altering its water content

A

Tonicity

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25
Q

causing a cell to shrink

A

Crenation

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26
Q

how many Na+ and K+ go in an out of the cell in the sodium-potassium pump?

A

3 - Na+ go out

2 - K+ go in

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27
Q

Cytosol has a higher concentration of Na+ or K+?

28
Q

where low concentration of sodium take place?

A

Inside the cell

29
Q

where should low concentration of potassium take place

A

outside the cell

30
Q

The energy stored in a NA+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients

A

Secondary Active Transport

31
Q

Transporters that move two substances in the same direction

A

Symporter Proteins

32
Q

Transporting proteins that moves substances in opposite directions

A

Anitporter Protein

33
Q

Describe the reasoning why Antiporters and Symporters work the way they do

A

A substance with steep concentration moves back into the cell, like Na+, with that in mind, kinetic energy is used by other substances to either move in the same direction of opposite direction

34
Q

what are some examples that of secondary transport?

A

Na+ and glucose & Na+ and Amino Acid move into the cell

Na+ moves in the cell and H+ moves out of the cell

35
Q

Small Spherical Sac

36
Q

True or False: Transport in vesicles requires energy?

37
Q

a highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands

A

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

38
Q

Cells engulfs large solid particles; worn out cells, bacteria, viruses. Usually known for cellular eating

A

Phagocytosis

39
Q

Cellular drinking; droplets of extracellular fluid is taken in

A

Pinocytosis aka bulk-phase endocytosis

40
Q

Materials that are moved out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

41
Q

How do receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis differ from pinocytosis

A

Pinocytosis does not involve receptor proteins to initiate endocytosis

42
Q

Cell Structure that synthesis protein

43
Q

Cell structure that contains ribosomes that gives it rough texture and produces protein synthesis

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

44
Q

Cell structure with no ribosomes, synthesis lipids and steroids that makes up the cellular membrane

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

45
Q

Cell structure the wraps protein in a sac and prepares them for secretion

A

Golgi apparatus

46
Q

Cell structure that is the powerhouse of the cell- where ATP is generated

A

Mitochondria

47
Q

Cell structure that is a digestive organelle, destroys bacteria and clean the cell from debris

48
Q

Cell structure that gives the cell its shape and organization to the cell during cell division

A

Centrosome

49
Q

The control center of the cell

50
Q

which are the cells that does not have a nucleus

51
Q

what components makes up the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm & Nucleoli

52
Q

Inside this structure are clusters of proteins (histones), DNA & RNA; and also produces ribosomes

53
Q

This structure is a long stand of DNA combined with proteins, 23 structures are from each parent

A

Chromosomes

54
Q

What is mostly the cells function based around

A

Synthesizing Proteins

55
Q

Refers to all of an organisms’s proteins

56
Q

What are ways proteins functions for cells

A
  • they assemble cell structures (membrane, cytoskeleton, organelles)
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Contractile units for muscles
57
Q

Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is coped onto a strand of RNA to direct protein systheis and occurs in the nucleus

A

Transcription

58
Q

The process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence (codon) to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein and occurs outside of the nucleus

A

Translation

59
Q

What is somatic Cell Division

A
  • Any cell in the body, other than a germ cell (sperm or oocyte)
  • Duplication of all 46 chromosomes
  • Mitosis
60
Q

Reproductive Cell Division

A
  • Production of germ cells (sperm or oocyte)
  • Meiosis
61
Q

what are sperm and oocytes otherwise known as

62
Q

The stage of mitosis that DNA is replicated in the nucleus

A

Interphase

63
Q

The stage of mitosis that is the beginning of duplication - chromatids are formed

64
Q

The stage of mitosis that chromatids align along the microtubules

65
Q

The stage of mitosis that each chromatid is sperated (chromosomes) and moved to opposite poles of the cell

66
Q

The stage of mitosis that outer membrane constricts and punches the cell in half creating two identical cells

A&P I (13 decks)

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