Ch:3 Metabolism Flashcards
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
How much ATP does glycolysis make?
2 ATP
Can glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
Both
- anaerobic respiration is the only energy source in mammalian RBCs
- If lacks O2, glycolysis will make lactate
What is the difference between these catalytic enzymes:
- Kinase
- Isomerase
- Dehydrogenase
- Mutase
Kinases: phosphorylates
Isomerase: (glucose –> fructose)
Dehydrogenase: if you see NAD, NADH, FAD, FADH2
Mutase: kinda like an isomerase
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
Is pyruvate what enters the krebs cycle?
No, Acetyl CoA is what enters the krebs cycle
Which of the following produces the most ATP?
A. ETC
B. Glycolysis
C. Substrate-level phosphorylation
A. ETC
- 90% of ATP is generated by the ETC
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What occurs in the ETC?
H+ is removed from NADH and pumped into the inter membrane space where ATP synthase uses the electrochemical gradient from the accumulation of H+ to produce ATP
(the pH of the inside goes up and decreases the pH on the outside making it more acidic)
What does CoQ or Ubiqunione participate in?
ETC
they are carriers in the electron transport chain
Where organ does gluconeogenesis occur?
Liver
When is gluconeogenesis more active than glycolysis?
When you haven’t eaten and glucose levels are low
What is the main difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
Glycolysis makes ATP (glucose–>ATP)
Gluconeogenesis makes Glucose (ATP–>glucose)
Gluconeogenesis begins in the _______ and then goes to the _______.
Gluconeogenesis begins in the mitochondria and goes to the cytosol
What is biotins role in gluconeogenesis?
Biotin is involved with adding on a CO2 group
Biotin = CO2 carrier
“A COMMONLY ASKED EXAM QUESTION”
Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?
Cytosol (same as glycolysis)
What type of pathway (anabolic/catabolic) is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
anabolic (makes macromolecules)
The pentose phosphate pathway is quite active in _____ tissue. Since NADPH is used to make ____ and _______.
The pentose phosphate pathway is quite active in adipose tissue. Since NADPH is used to make FAs and steroids.
What is the glyoxylate cycle?
Modification of the krebs cycle in PLANTS that allows seeds to grow underground
Glycogen is found in the ____ and ______ ______.
Liver and skeletal muscles
What is glycogenolysis and when does it occur?
breakdown of glycogen in response to low blood glucose
Can amino acids be stored?
No
Where does fatty acid oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Cytosol (same as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway)
The ____ is the site for cholesterol synthesis.
Liver
Steroids modulate the _____ of eukaryotic cell membranes.
fluidity
Cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of _____ ____, which assist in absorption of dietary lipids in the intestines.
bile salts
What does bile do?
emulsifies fats
Where does the urea cycle occur?
Liver
NOT the kidneys
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
Where does chlorophyll reside?
in thylakoid membranes and is what absorbs light energy (carotenoids do the same)
What is the main difference between the dark and light reactions of photosynthesis?
Dark reactions produce glucose
Light reactions produce ATP
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Grana
What are the products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
ATP, O2, NADPH
water is split in the light rxns
Where do the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Stroma
light = grana
What is the dark reactions of photosynthesis also know as?
the Calvin Benson cycle
How many turns of the Calvin cycle produces 1 glucose?
6 turns
What is the main enzyme involved in the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Rubisco
What are the two endosymbionts?
Mitochondria and chloroplast
What is the main difference between noncyclic phosphorylation and cyclic phosphorylation in photosynthesis?
Noncyclic = produces ATP and NADPH by chemiosmosis
Cyclic = produces only ATP
