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2019 DAT BIO > Ch:11 Biodiversity > Flashcards

Ch:11 Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the hierarchical classification of organisms:

“Kings…

A

Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand

  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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2
Q

What scientist developed binomial nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus

bio 1500

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3
Q

The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bird represent ______ structures.

A

Analogous structures

“THIS IS A BIG DAT TOPIC”

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4
Q

Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes:

A

Eukaryotes:

  • nucleus houses the genetic material
  • ribosomes present
  • contains organelles
  • cytoskeleton present (microtubules are the thickest and microfilaments are the thinest)

Prokaryotes:

  • No nucleus but has DNA and RNA
  • Cytosol has DNA floating in it, this region is called a nucleoid
  • No organelles
  • Bacteria and Archaea
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5
Q

Hold old is the Earth, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes?

A

Earth = 4.5 BYA

Prokaryotes = 3.5 BYA

Eukaryotes = 2.5 BYA

“I MAKE DAMN SURE MY STUDENTS KNOW THESE THREE TIMELINES”

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6
Q

Early Earth had a _______ atmosphere that lacked O2!!! A reducing atmosphere contained ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____.

A

Reducing

CH4, H2O, H2, CO, and HCN

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7
Q

How did Earth gain O2?

A

Cyanobacteria

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8
Q

Describe these 3 prokaryotic shapes:

  1. Coccus
  2. Bacilli
A

Coccus = spherical

Bacilli = rod shaped

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9
Q

Describe the difference between the prefixes streptococci and staphylococci:

A

Strepto = chains

Staph = clusters

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10
Q

Prokaryotes belong to the kingdom ______.

A

Monera

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11
Q

In prokaryotes, ____ are protein filaments used to attach to cell surfaces or even to one another during ______.

A

Pilli, Conjugation

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12
Q

When you hear the word plasmid, what should you think?

A

Drug resistance

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13
Q

What is the difference between F-plasmids and R-plasmids?

A

F-plasmids contain genes that allow for conjugation

R-plasmids contain genes for resistance against poisons or antibiotics

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14
Q

Name 6 bacterial diseases:

A

“Gavin Likes ASSS”

  1. Ghonorrhea
  2. Leprosy
  3. Anthrax
  4. Sepsis
  5. Syphilis
  6. Salmonella

“USEFUL FOR THE DAT EXAM!!!”

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15
Q

What do methanogens make?

A

Methane :)

methanogens are vital to the carbon cycle

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16
Q

The nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in __(2 words)___.

A

Root nodules

17
Q

Which of the following are more resistant to antibiotics?

A. Gram-positive bacteria
B. Gram-negative bacteria

A

Gram-negative bacteria

18
Q

Explain the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria:

A

Gram-Negative bacteria:

  • Thin peptidoglycan layer
  • NO teichoic acids
  • contains outer membrane
  • MORE resistant to antibiotics

Gram-positive bacteria:

  • Thick peptidoglycan layer
  • Contain teichoic acids
  • NO outer membrane
  • Less resistant to antibiotics
19
Q

(T/F)

Archaea can either pathogenic or not pathogenic.

A

FALSE

ARCHAEA ARE NOT PATHOGENIC

20
Q

Discuss the unique features of viruses:

A
  • No cells or organelles
  • Contain either DNA or RNA but NEVER both
  • Capsid: protein coat
21
Q

How big are viruses?

A

Smaller than a ribosome

22
Q

Explain the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of viruses:

A

Lytic cycle: if a virus enters the host cell and causes it to rupture (lysis)… cell death occurs

The Lysogenic cycle is when a virus becomes incorporated in the host cell without killing the host

“Lytic = Kiss of Death”

23
Q

A ______ is a bacterial phage that has become integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

A

Prophage

24
Q

_____ is a retrovirus… an RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing RNA into DNA using __(2 words)__ enzyme. Reverse transcriptase is also called RNA-directed DNA polymerase.

A

HIV, Reverse transcriptase

Reverse transcriptase is also called RNA-directed DNA polymerase

25
Q

_____ are infectious proteins that are involved with causing proteins to incorrectly fold.

A

Prions

(these proteins especially like to cause damage to proteins found in the brain)

eg. Mad Cow Disease

26
Q

Define each of the following:

  • Obligate anaerobe
  • Obligate aerobe
  • Facultative anaerobe
A

Obligate anaerobe: killed by O2

Obligate aerobe: need O2 to grow

Facultative Anaerobe: prefers O2 if available but could switch to fermentation if needed

“IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS FOR THE DAT EXAM”

27
Q

Differentiate between the following:

  • Photoheterotroph
  • Chemoheterotroph
  • Photoautotroph
  • Chemoautotroph
A

Photoheterotroph: light is needed for ATP production, but gets their carbon from various organic sources like fatty acids or carbs that other organisms produced

Chemoheterotroph: Energy is obtained from organic compounds! Bacteria, fungi, most protist, animals are here!

Photoautotroph: Uses light for photosynthesis. CO2 is used to make organic molecules like sugar! Cyanobacteria, plants and algae are here!

Chemoautotrophs: seen in prokaryotes. CO2 is the carbon source too, but inorganic substances is an energy source. NO light needed!!!

2019 DAT BIO (26 decks)

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