Ch:11 Biodiversity Flashcards
List the hierarchical classification of organisms:
“Kings…
Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
What scientist developed binomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus
bio 1500
The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bird represent ______ structures.
Analogous structures
“THIS IS A BIG DAT TOPIC”
Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes:
- nucleus houses the genetic material
- ribosomes present
- contains organelles
- cytoskeleton present (microtubules are the thickest and microfilaments are the thinest)
Prokaryotes:
- No nucleus but has DNA and RNA
- Cytosol has DNA floating in it, this region is called a nucleoid
- No organelles
- Bacteria and Archaea
Hold old is the Earth, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes?
Earth = 4.5 BYA
Prokaryotes = 3.5 BYA
Eukaryotes = 2.5 BYA
“I MAKE DAMN SURE MY STUDENTS KNOW THESE THREE TIMELINES”
Early Earth had a _______ atmosphere that lacked O2!!! A reducing atmosphere contained ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____.
Reducing
CH4, H2O, H2, CO, and HCN
How did Earth gain O2?
Cyanobacteria
Describe these 3 prokaryotic shapes:
- Coccus
- Bacilli
Coccus = spherical
Bacilli = rod shaped
Describe the difference between the prefixes streptococci and staphylococci:
Strepto = chains
Staph = clusters
Prokaryotes belong to the kingdom ______.
Monera
In prokaryotes, ____ are protein filaments used to attach to cell surfaces or even to one another during ______.
Pilli, Conjugation
When you hear the word plasmid, what should you think?
Drug resistance
What is the difference between F-plasmids and R-plasmids?
F-plasmids contain genes that allow for conjugation
R-plasmids contain genes for resistance against poisons or antibiotics
Name 6 bacterial diseases:
“Gavin Likes ASSS”
- Ghonorrhea
- Leprosy
- Anthrax
- Sepsis
- Syphilis
- Salmonella
“USEFUL FOR THE DAT EXAM!!!”
What do methanogens make?
Methane :)
methanogens are vital to the carbon cycle
The nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in __(2 words)___.
Root nodules
Which of the following are more resistant to antibiotics?
A. Gram-positive bacteria
B. Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
Explain the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria:
Gram-Negative bacteria:
- Thin peptidoglycan layer
- NO teichoic acids
- contains outer membrane
- MORE resistant to antibiotics
Gram-positive bacteria:
- Thick peptidoglycan layer
- Contain teichoic acids
- NO outer membrane
- Less resistant to antibiotics
(T/F)
Archaea can either pathogenic or not pathogenic.
FALSE
ARCHAEA ARE NOT PATHOGENIC
Discuss the unique features of viruses:
- No cells or organelles
- Contain either DNA or RNA but NEVER both
- Capsid: protein coat
How big are viruses?
Smaller than a ribosome
Explain the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of viruses:
Lytic cycle: if a virus enters the host cell and causes it to rupture (lysis)… cell death occurs
The Lysogenic cycle is when a virus becomes incorporated in the host cell without killing the host
“Lytic = Kiss of Death”
A ______ is a bacterial phage that has become integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
Prophage
_____ is a retrovirus… an RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing RNA into DNA using __(2 words)__ enzyme. Reverse transcriptase is also called RNA-directed DNA polymerase.
HIV, Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase is also called RNA-directed DNA polymerase
_____ are infectious proteins that are involved with causing proteins to incorrectly fold.
Prions
(these proteins especially like to cause damage to proteins found in the brain)
eg. Mad Cow Disease
Define each of the following:
- Obligate anaerobe
- Obligate aerobe
- Facultative anaerobe
Obligate anaerobe: killed by O2
Obligate aerobe: need O2 to grow
Facultative Anaerobe: prefers O2 if available but could switch to fermentation if needed
“IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS FOR THE DAT EXAM”
Differentiate between the following:
- Photoheterotroph
- Chemoheterotroph
- Photoautotroph
- Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph: light is needed for ATP production, but gets their carbon from various organic sources like fatty acids or carbs that other organisms produced
Chemoheterotroph: Energy is obtained from organic compounds! Bacteria, fungi, most protist, animals are here!
Photoautotroph: Uses light for photosynthesis. CO2 is used to make organic molecules like sugar! Cyanobacteria, plants and algae are here!
Chemoautotrophs: seen in prokaryotes. CO2 is the carbon source too, but inorganic substances is an energy source. NO light needed!!!
