Ch:20 Circulatory and Immune System Flashcards
How long do RBCs live?
120 days (4 months)
What is a reticulocyte?
An immature RBC
Reticulocytes make up ___% of RBCs.
1% of RBCs are reticulocytes
What is the most abundant and least abundant WBCs?
Most abundant = Neutrophils
Least abundant = Basophil
Which WBC is the first responder in acute bacterial infections?
Neutrophils (phagocytosis)
Eosinophils are involved in destroying ____ and also participate in _______ reactions.
Parasitic worms
Allergic rxns
What is the difference in type of immunity between B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes?
B-Lymphocytes = Humoral immunity
- B Cells differentiate into plasma cells which make antibodies
T-Lymphocytes = Cell-mediated immunity
Lymphocytes live for years!!!!
Which of the following WBC produces histamines to induce inflammation?
A. B-Lymphocytes B. T-Lymphoctes C. Neutrophils D, Basophils E. Eosinophils
D. Basophils
Basophil = Inflammation
What is the difference between Killer-T cells and Helper-T cells?
Killer-T cells: Kill cancer and secrete cytokines
Helper-T cells can also release cytokines as well as help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophage activation
What is the LARGEST WBC? (size)
Monocytes
Monocytes differentiate into macrophages
Tell me everything you know about Mast cells:
- Produces histamine, heparin and leukotrienes
- Live only a few months
- ** All derived from a hematopoietic stem cell***
If HISTAMINE is released by these cells, localized edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid in certain tissues within the body) occurs and your mucosa swells and you feel “stuffy” and breathing is hard. Histamines open up of dilate capillaries and make them permeable. Increasing the diameter of the capillary allows more clotting proteins and phagocytes delivered to the injured area.
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
What are platelets involved with and how long do they live?
Platelets are involved in blood clotting and live about 2 weeks
If a blood vessel is injured, platelets combine with ____ (a fibrous protein) and become active. This activation leads to a clot.
collagen
In a blood clot, we see _____ aggregating into thin threads, along with RBCs, WBCs and platelets. This gelatinous structure is what we call a blood clot or ______.
Fibrin; thrombus
Thrombus means the same thing as blood clot
Rank these from most abundant to least abundant:
A. RBC
B. Platelets
C. WBC
RBC > platelets > WBC
“KNOW THIS FOR THE DAT!”
What gives RBCs their red color?
Hb (hemoglobin)
What is the key differences between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow?
Red marrow makes RBCs, WBCs and platelets
Yellow marrow is fat tissue seen in the bones of the limbs
In times of severe blood loss, yellow bone marrow can transform into red bone marrow to allow for more hematopoiesis (forming of blood cellular components)
What are immunoglobins?
proteins that act as antibodies in our immune system. Recall, antibodies are secreted by plasma cells.
What is the most abundant immunoglobulin?
IgG
What is so special about IgG?
IgG is the only immunoglobin that can cross the placenta… protects newborn against infections… confers what is called passive immunity
Which immunoglobin is the first class to be secreted in a primary response?
IgM
Note: IgM and IgD work together to bind antigens to B-cells
Where is IgA found?
Found in breast milk, tears and saliva. Confers passive immunity to the nursing infant.
IgA: think amylase (in saliva)
What is IgE involved in?
Allergic rxns “allergic :)”
IgE triggers mast cells and basophils to release histamine in allergic reactions
Provide the functions for each of the following immunoglobins:
- IgD
- IgM
- IgG
- IgA
- IgE
- IgD: B-cell receptor
- IgM: primary response; B-cell receptor
- IgG: secondary response
- IgA: saliva (A for amylase), tears and mucus
- IgE: allergic rxns “ellergic”
What is an epitope?
small area on an antigen, it is here that an antigen receptor or antibody can bind
What is the purpose of the Major Histocompatibility Complex or MHC?
MHC displays the antigen for T-cells
essentially this helps lymphocytes to recognize an antigen
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity:
- you produce antibodies after an infection (natural)
- Vaccination
Passive immunity:
- mother passing antibodies to infant (breast feeding)
- Administration of serum or immunoglobins to ppl with weak immune systems
What is the difference between vaccinations in active immunity and serum administration in passive immunity?
***Passive immunization differs from active immunization in that it does not rely on the host’s immune system to take charge, but results in the immediate availability of antibodies that can be used to defeat us against pathogens.
VENOMOUS SNAKE BITES:
If you are bitten by a snake that is poisonous, you are given an antivenin (artificially acquired), and this antivenin contains the antibodies needed to neutralize the toxins… passive… thus a great example of artificially acquired immunity.
What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?
Innate immunity:
- You’re born with… always present and available at very short notice to protect against invaders
- Components include fever, interferon (a protein hat is made by body cells with numerous functions such as helping nearby cells resist viral infection after it has been infected)
- Neutrophils and macrophages
Acquired immunity:
- More specialized than innate, and works with the protection of the innate immune system
- You are born with the capacity to mount an immune response, but only when there is direct contact with the pathogen in immunity acquired
Which sex is autoimmune disease most prevalent?
Women
Which cells in the human body kill cancer cells?
Cytotoxic T-cells and NK (natural killer)
How is the innate immune system linked to the acquired immune system?
The innate immune system signals the acquired (adaptive) immune system to attack pathogens
What is the first line of defense against invaders of the body?
Innate (non-specific) immune system
Is your innate immune system specific against invaders or non-specific?
Non-specific and involves neutrophils and macrophages
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II?
MHC I: presents to cytotoxic T cells
MHC II: presents to cytotoxic T-cells and helper T-cells
What is interferon?
Interferon is a signaling protein that signals cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses
In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses
