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2019 DAT BIO > Ch:2 Cells > Flashcards

Ch:2 Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 Laws of Thermodynamics?

A
  1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
  2. The entropy of the universe is continuously increasing
    - No rxn is 100% efficient with some amount of energy lost as heat
  3. As you reach absolute zero (0 kelvin), the entropy of the system is at a minimum
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2
Q

ATP allows ___ rxns to become _____.

A

Endergonic —> Exergonic

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3
Q

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism is breaking down of macro molecules into simple end products to extract it’s energy.

Anabolism is taking a small precursor and converting it to a larger more complex, which requires energy

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4
Q

If the OH on the anomeric carbon is pointing down it is considered ______.

A

Alpha

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5
Q

Alpha and beta SUGARS represent diastereomers called ______.

A

Anomers

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6
Q

Chitin is the main component in the cell wall of ______ and the exoskeleton of ________.

A

Fungi

Arthropods

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7
Q

What is the most abundant compound in the world that makes up the plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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8
Q

Glycogen is stored in the _____ and _____ _____.

A

Liver and skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Some prostaglandins enhance inflammation. What medication inhibit the work of an enzyme needed in the synthesis of prostaglandins?

A

Aspirin

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10
Q

Because of resonance, a peptide bond is about 40% double bond character. It is rigid, allowing ___little/alot___ of free rotation. We see a flat SP2 structure. Steric hinderance causes the trans conformation to be more stable than cis.

A

Little free rotation

“VERY IMPORTANT DAT CONCEPT”

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11
Q

What is the difference between the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins?

A

Primary structure: held by covalent bonds including disulfide bonds

Secondary structure: 3D conformation of localized regions held by hydrogen bonds (alpha helix and beta pleated sheets)

Tertiary structure: 3D shape of entire molecule held by all the bonds of previous structures plus salt bridges (electrostatic interactions) and hydrophobic interactions

Quaternary: Refers to the way one polypeptide chain interacts with another (hemoglobin)

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12
Q

What is the difference between the digestion and denaturation of a protein?

A

Digestion: lose primary structure (basically all)

Denaturation: lose all structures except primary

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13
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double stranded and resides exclusively in the nucleus

RNA is single stranded and can leave the nucleus and direct the synthesis of proteins in ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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15
Q

What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside?

A

Nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, N-base

Nucleoside: sugar, N-base

(Nucleosides lack phosphate)

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16
Q

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines and give examples of only purines:

What combination of purine and pyrimidine has 3 H-bonds?

A

Purines have 2 rings and pyrimidines only have one

Purines: A and G

3 H-bonds: G-C

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17
Q

What forms the structural framework of DNA and RNA?

A

Sugar-phosphate “backbone”

“KNOW THAT FOR THE DAT, YOU WILL THANK ME”

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18
Q

The connection between successive monomer units in nucleic acids is the ________ _____. It is between the #-OH of one sugar and #-OH of another sugar.

A

phosphodiester link: connection between monomer units in nucleic acids

3’-OH and 5’-OH

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19
Q

In the plasma membrane the ____ heads and ____ tails of the phospholipid bilayer is considered amphipathic.

A

Hydrophilic heads

Hydrophobic tails

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20
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Lipids and many proteins are in constant lateral motion.

Talks about the plasma membrane and how peripheral and integral proteins float in this layer like an iceberg.

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21
Q

When you see fuzzy stuff looking through a microscope, what type of microscope are you looking through?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

“DK DAT”

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22
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is cell “eating”

Pinocytosis is cell “drinking”

23
Q

What is a major player in cell-mediated endocytosis?

A

Clathrin

24
Q

Give an example of exocytosis:

A

Beta cells in the pancreas make insulin and secrete it into the blood by exocytosis

25
Q

What part of mitochondria does the electron transport chain occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

What process produces 90% of the ATP produced in cells?

A

ETC (electron transport chain)

27
Q

Do lysosomes have a membrane?

A

Yes

28
Q

What is the duty of lysosomes?

A

digest macromolecules

29
Q

Which 2 WBCs are loaded with lysosomes?

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

“KNOW THIS FOR THE DAT, YOU MAY THANK ME ONE DAY”

30
Q

The Golgi apparatus receives its materials from ____.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

What is the duty of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The golgi is like a “warehouse”, sorting and shipping

  • involved in the synthesis of carbs and modification of proteins
32
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

budding from the golgi

33
Q

What is the difference between the rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER: makes proteins

Smooth ER: Makes lipids and steroids

34
Q

Which organs are abundant in smooth ER?

A

Liver

The smooth ER in the liver contains a large amount of cytochrome 450 and participates in detoxifying drugs

35
Q

Part of the Rough ER is continuous with the ______ ____.

A

Nuclear envelope

36
Q

Where are ribosomes synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

37
Q

Which organelle lacks a membrane?

A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Nucleolus
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

C. Nucleolus

38
Q

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

heterochromatin is dense and found near the nuclear envelope. (dense so NOT actively transcribing) (DARK)

euchromatin is the light area, less dense and actively transcribing

39
Q

What 2 cells in humans lack a nucleus?

A

RBCs and platelets

40
Q

What is the duty of a proteasome?

A

They degrade unneeded proteins

“quality control protein department”

41
Q

What are each stack of thylakoids referred to as?

A

Grana

42
Q

Tell me about chloroplast:

A
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Contains chlorophyll
  • Contains stacks of thylakoids called grana
  • like mitochondria they have their own DNA
43
Q

What are cilia and flagella composed of?

A

Microtubules

44
Q

What are molecular motors and give examples of molecular motors:

A

Molecular motors are enzymes that will “walk” along microtubules

The molecular motors include dyneins and Kinesins.

“FAVORITE DAT QUESTION-TYPE”

45
Q

Rank these in order from largest to smallest:

  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
A

Microtubules > Intermediate filaments > Microfilaments

46
Q

Tell me about microfilaments:

A
  • Built from actin
  • Like the motor protein dynein, myosin is another motor protein that loves to “walk” but it is microfilament based and not microtubule based like dynein
47
Q

What is the pattern of cilia and flagella?

A

9+2 pattern and is called axoneme

“A SURE BET TO APPEAR ON THE DAT!!!”

48
Q

Tell me about intermediate filaments:

A

Anchor the nucleus and provide structural support for the cell

Keratins represent a predominant type of intermediate fiber.

49
Q

What is the duty of Keratin?

A

Keratins provide protection against abrasion and prevent water loss in epidermal cells

“A MUST HAVE FOR THE DAT!”

50
Q

What make up centrosomes?

A

a pair of perpendicular centrioles

51
Q

Centrioles are found in animal cells and NOT ____.

A

Plant cells

52
Q

What is the role of centrioles during cell division?

A

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. Microtubules extend from the centrioles a to form the spindle. Some of the microtubules attach to the chromosome by connecting to protein complexes called Kinetochores.

53
Q

What is the difference between gap junctions and tight junctions?

A

Gap junctions: allows communication between cells (pores)

  • proteins of gap junctions are called *connexins”
  • Responsible for the heart’s coordinate beat

Tight junctions: forms seal around cell to prevent leaking
- intestinal barrier is maintained by tight junctions

54
Q

What is the difference between desmosomes and plasodesmata?

A

Desmosomes are like “staples” that connect cells together
- have intermediate filaments that are strong, they are common in epithelia that need to withstand abrasion such as the skin

Plasmodesmata: intercellular channels that connect *plant” cells

2019 DAT BIO (26 decks)

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