Ch:27 The Respiratory System

Question 1

Amphibian lungs, when present, are small and are not a very effective gas exchange mechanism. Amphibians rely heavily on ___5 words___ such as skin to carry out gas exchange.

“THIS IS A FAVORITE DAT TYPE QUESTION”

Answer 1

gas exchange across body surfaces

Question 2

What is the difference between the pharynx and larynx?

Answer 2

The Pharynx is the intersection of food and air

The Larynx is also known as the “voice box” bc it contains the vocal cords

Question 3

***What type of cartilage reinforces the tracheal wall?

Answer 3

Hyaline cartilage

Question 4

What is the most abundant cartilage in the human body?

Answer 4

Hyaline cartilage

Question 5

***The first breath of a newborn, stimulated by CO2 bust be forceful because the lungs are collapsed. Surface tension holds the moist membranes together (think hydrogen bonding)… a chemical called ______ reduces the surface tension, and after the first powerful breath, the lungs stay expanded. ___(same chemical)___ are present in the alveoli.

Answer 5

Surfactant

Question 6

What chemical reduces the surface tension of the lungs?

Answer 6

Surfactant

Question 7

When does the diaphragm contract and when does it relax?

Answer 7

contracts during inhalation

relaxes during exhalation

Question 8

Tidal volume = _______________

Answer 8

Tidal volume = the volume of air that flows in or out of the lungs with each breath

Question 9

What lung is bigger, the right lung or left lung?

Answer 9

Right lung is bigger than the left

Right lung = 3 lobes

Left lung = 2 lobes cause of the cardiac notch

Question 10

What are the two main areas of the brain that control breathing?

Answer 10

medulla oblongata and pons

Question 11

As metabolic activity goes up (you are working out), the CO2 in the blood __increases/decreases__ as lactic acid is produced, hence the pH is __highered/lowered__. The Medulla will respond by _increasing/decreasing__ the breathing rate.

“VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT HERE PEEPS”

Answer 11

increases; lowered, increasing

“VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT HERE PEEPS”

Question 12

Which of the following has an effect on the breathing control centers and which has an effect on the chemoreceptors?

1. CO2
2. O2

Answer 12

CO2 = breathing control centers (medulla and pons)

O2 = chemoreceptors (aorta and carotid arteries)

Question 13

CO2 is carried in the blood as _______.

Answer 13

HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Question 14

The HCO3- goes into plasma, H+ is captured by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin acts as a ________.

Answer 14

buffer

Question 15

Do dolphins and whales have lungs?

Answer 15

Yes they are mammals

Question 16

What is emphysema?

Answer 16

Emphysema: alveoli are damaged and lose their elasticity and their wall break down and the become larger

Question 17

What is pneumonia?

Answer 17

Can be viral or bacterial, or even fungal

Alveoli fill with fluid or pus causing difficulty in breathing, fever, chills etc.