Ch:10 Fertilization and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what occurs during the acrosomal reaction:

A

Enzymes punch a “hole” in the jelly while growing actin filaments form from the acrosomal process. Binding to the egg cell receptors occur!!

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2
Q

Explain the process of fast block to polyspermy and compare it to slow block:

A

Contact and fusion of sperm and egg now occurs. The membrane voltage now changes… Depolarization. This results in what is called the fast block to polyspermy

The Cortical reaction (slow block): Ca++ ions are released from the endoplasmic reticulum. cortical granules in the egg fuse with the plasma membrane. Sperm-binding receptors are removed and a fertilization envelope forms. This forming of the fertilization envelope is termed slow block to polyspermy

(calcium is essential for the cortical rxn to occur)

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3
Q

Continued cleavage gives a solid ball of cells called a ______. From here, a fluid-filled cavity called a ______ forms within this morula and begins to hollow. This hollow ball of cells is now called a ________.

A

Continued cleavage gives a solid ball of cells called a __Morula__. From here, a fluid-filled cavity called a __blastocoel__ forms within this morula and begins to hollow. This hollow ball of cells is now called a __blastula__.

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4
Q

Put these in chronological order:

  1. Zygote
  2. Morula
  3. Blastula
  4. Gastrula
A

Zygote –> Morula –> blastula –> gastrula

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5
Q

After the gastrula is formed a new central cavity is formed called the ________, which will become the primitive gut.

A

Archenteron

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6
Q

The opening of the archenteron is called the _______. This opening forms the ____ in protostomes and the ____ in deuterostomes.

A

The opening of the archenteron is called the __blastopore__. This opening forms the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes.

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7
Q

Protostomes include: _____, _____, ______

Deuterostomes include: _____, _____

A

Protostomes include: mollusks, arthropods, annelids

Deuterostomes include: chordates and echinoderms

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8
Q

What allowed arthropods to become successful?

A

Jointed appendages

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9
Q

Which of the following has a closed circulatory system?

A. Arthropods
B. Annelids

A

A. Annelids

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10
Q

Grasshoppers use _____(2 words)_____ to aid in metabolic waste removal.

A

Malpighian tubules

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11
Q

Which of the following is high in yolk?

A. Vegetal pole
B. Animal pole

A

A. Vegetal pole

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12
Q

In humans, the notochord becomes a ____(2 words)___ found between vertebrae

A

Gelatinous disk

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13
Q

Tunicates and amphioxus are classified as _______, but are ________.

A
  • Chordates

- invertebrates

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14
Q

Amphibians and frogs are said to have evolved from ____________.

A

lobe-finned fish

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15
Q

How many heart chambers are in the following:

  1. Fish
  2. Reptiles and amphibians
  3. Birds and mammals
A

Fish = 2 chambered heart

Reptiles and amphibians = 3 chambered heart

Birds and mammals = 4 chambered hearts

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16
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A
  • Epithelial linings of respiratory, excretory, digestive tracts, urinary bladder, and lining of reproductive systems and urethra
  • Glands such as thymus, thyroid and parathyroid
  • Liver and pancreas
17
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A
  • Bone, muscle, blood, connective tissue, notochord, excretory, lymphatic and excretory system
  • Dermis of the skin
  • Adrenal cortex
18
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A
  • hair, skin, nails, teeth, sweat glands, cornea and lens of the eye and the adrenal medulla

Outtermost layer- most sensitive to radiation!!!

19
Q

The greatest changes in cell shape and cell position occur in ______ and ______.

A

Gastrulation and organogenesis

As organogenesis progresses, morphogenesis (think shape) and cell differentiation continue

20
Q

Condensing of the mesoderm gives rise to the _______. This is a rod of stiffened tissue that serves as a support-like structure in all chordates.

A

Notochord

21
Q

Neural plate forms from the ______ and rolls into the neural tube which becomes the central nervous system.

A

Ectoderm

22
Q

Somites are formed… they represent block of mesoderm which give rise to _____ and ____.

A

Vertebrae and muscle

23
Q

Define all of the following:

  • Yolk sac

- Chorion

A

Yolk sac: encloses the yolk and provides nutrients

Chorion: gas exchange, forms part of the placenta

24
Q

Define all of the following:

  • Amnion

- Allantois

A

Amnion: absorbs shock and keeps embryo from drying out

Allantois: disposes of nitrogen waste and gas exchange. In humans it does not store wastes, but is involved in O2 and nutrient transport

25
Q

What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent cells?

A

Totipotent is capable of developing into all different cell types (a zygote is totipotent plus the next three cell divisions)

Pluripotent: Think STEM CELLS! capable of developing into many cell types except extraembryonic tissues

26
Q

Implantation occurs in the _______ of the uterus and occurs before the end of the first week.

A

Endometrium

27
Q

The __1__ is what adheres to the endometrium. The __2__ is the mammalian version of a ___3___.

A
  1. blastocyst
  2. blastocyst
  3. blastula
28
Q

Human gestation can be divided into three trimesters.

What occurs during the 1st trimester?

A
  • most growth and differentiation occur here
  • most sensitive to radiation and drug toxicity
  • Main period for organogenesis
  • After 8 weeks, the embryo is called a fetus
29
Q

What is the difference between viviparous and oviparous?

A

A viviparous development in means the young are born alive after being nourished in the uterus from the placenta

Oviparous means the young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother

30
Q

Human gestation can be divided into three trimesters.

What occurs during the 2nd trimester?

A
  • all major organs are formed
  • pregnancy is now obvious
  • corpus lute deteriorates
31
Q

Human gestation can be divided into three trimesters.

What occurs during the 3rd trimester?

A
  • around 8 months the fetus can survive on its own
32
Q

What is a homeotic gene?

A

Homeotic genes are regulatory genes that are responsible for the placement and spacial organization of body parts