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Human Development > Ch. 2 Definitions > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Natural selection

A

Evolutionary process where those best adapted to environment survive and reproduce

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2
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Emphasizes importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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4
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information

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5
Q

Genes

A

Units of hereditary information composed of DNA, helping cells reproduce themselves and assemble proteins that direct body processes

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

Cellular reproduction in which cell’s nucleus duplicates itself

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7
Q

Meiosis

A

Specialized form of cell division to form egg or sperm (gametes)

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8
Q

Fertilization

A

Stage of reproduction in which egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell (zygote)

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9
Q

Genotype

A

All of a person’s actual genetic material

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual (height, hair color, intelligence)

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11
Q

Down syndrome

A

Chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

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12
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome

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13
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Chromosomal disorder involving abnormality in X chromosome

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14
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Chromosomal disorder in females affecting X chromosome (missing/partially deleted)

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15
Q

XYY Syndrome

A

Chromosomal disorder in males having XYY

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16
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Genetic disorder preventing metabolization of amino acid (intellectual disability and hyperactivity)

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17
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Genetic disorder affecting red blood cells (most often in African Americans)

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18
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity/environment on human traits/development

19
Q

Twin study

A

Behavioral similarity of identical twins compared with behavioral similarities of fraternal twins

20
Q

Adoption study

A

Discover whether behavioral and psychological characteristics more like adoptive/bio parents (or: adopted/bio siblings)

21
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlations

A

Exist when the bio parents provide a rearing environment for child

22
Q

Evocative genotype-environment correlations

A

Exist when child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments

23
Q

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

A

Exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

24
Q

Epigenetic view

A

Emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

25
Q

Gene X Environment (GXE) interaction

A

Interaction between specific measured variation in DNA / specific measured aspect of the environment

26
Q

Germinal period

A

Period of prenatal development in the first two weeks after conception, including creation of zygote, continued cell division, attachment of zygote to the wall of the uterus

27
Q

Embryonic period

A

Period of prenatal development that occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception; rate of cell differentiation intensified, support systems for cells form, and organs appear

28
Q

Organogenesis

A

Process of organ formation in first 2 months of prenatal development

29
Q

Fetal period

A

From 2-9ish months, development continues dramatically

30
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that handle information processing at the cellular level

31
Q

Teratogen

A

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive/behavioral outcomes

32
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

A

Cluster of abnormalities that may appear in offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

33
Q

Doula

A

Caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, educational support for the mother before/during/after childbirth

34
Q

Natural childbirth

A

Childbirth method that attempts to reduce mother’s pain by decreasing fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques

35
Q

Prepared childbirth

A

Strategy similar to natural childbirth teaching special breathing technique to control pushing in final stage of labor including details about anatomy and physiology (developed by Lamaze)

36
Q

Apgar scale

A

Widely used method to assess newborns at one and five minutes after birth (heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability)

37
Q

Low birth weight infants

A

Less that 5.5 pounds at birth

38
Q

Preterm infants

A

Born early by 3 weeks or more

39
Q

Small for date/gestational age

A

Birth weight below 90% of all babies of same gestational age

40
Q

Kangaroo care

A

Skin to skin contact (NICU and infant)

41
Q

Bonding

A

Formation of a close connection/physical bond shortly after birth

42
Q

Postpartum period

A

After childbirth when mother adjusts physically/psychologically to process of childbirth (at least 6 weeks)

43
Q

Postpartum depression

A

Major depressive episode ~4 weeks after delivery; strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, despair affecting daily tasks

Human Development (12 decks)

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