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Human Development > Ch. 1 Definitions > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

Pattern of movement or change beginning at conception and continuing through human life span

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2
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live

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3
Q

Life-span perspective

A

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual; involving growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss constructed through biological sociocultural and individual factors working together

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4
Q

Lifelong

A

No age period dominates development

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5
Q

Multidimensional

A

Body, mind, emotions, relationships including many components

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6
Q

Multidirectional

A

Dimensions/components expand and shrink

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7
Q

Plasticity

A

Capacity for change

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8
Q

Multidisciplinary

A

Developmental science involves professionals from various disciplines

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9
Q

Contextual

A

Development occurs within contextual setting, influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors

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10
Q

Normative age-graded influences

A

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

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11
Q

Normative history-graded influences

A

Similar for people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances

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12
Q

Nonnormative life events

A

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life

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13
Q

Culture

A

Behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people passed from generation to generation

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14
Q

Cross-cultural studies

A

Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures (assessing similarity or universality across cultures)

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15
Q

Ethnicity

A

Characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, language

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16
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Person’s position within society based on occupational, educational, economic characteristics

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17
Q

Gender

A

Characteristics of people as males or females

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18
Q

Social policy

A

Government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

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19
Q

Biological processes

A

Processes that produce changes in an individual’s physical nature

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20
Q

Cognitive processes

A

Processes that involve changes in thought, intelligence, language

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21
Q

Socioemotional processes

A

Processes that involve changes in relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

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22
Q

Developmental period

A

Timeframe in a person’s life characterized by certain features

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23
Q

Prenatal period

A

Conception to birth

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24
Q

Infancy

A

Birth to 18/24 months

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25
Q

Early childhood

A

18/24 months through age 5/6 (also called preschool years)

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26
Q

Middle and late childhood

A

6 to 11 years

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27
Q

Adolescence

A

Transition from childhood to early adulthood, from approximately 10/12 through 18/21

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28
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

18 to 25 years; transitional period characterized by experimentation and exploration

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29
Q

Identity exploration

A

Characteristic of emerging adulthood especially in love and work

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30
Q

Instability

A

Characteristic of emerging adulthood in residence, love, work, education

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31
Q

Self-focused

A

Little social obligation, duties and commitments to others, lots of autonomy

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32
Q

Feeling in-between

A

Not adolescents and not full adults

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33
Q

Age of possibilities

A

The sense of opportunity to transform life, optimistic and seizing a positive future

34
Q

Early adulthood

A

From late teens/early 20s through 30s

35
Q

Middle adulthood

A

Approximately 40 to 60 years old

36
Q

Late adulthood

A

Approximately 60s/70s through death; divided between young old 65-84 and oldest old 85+

37
Q

Chronological age

A

Number of years elapsed since birth

38
Q

Biological age

A

Age in terms of physical health and capacity of functional organs

39
Q

Psychological age

A

Adaptive capacities compared to others of same chronological age

40
Q

Social age

A

Connectedness with others and social roles

41
Q

Normal aging

A

Psychological functioning peaks in early middle age, remains stable, then declines

42
Q

Pathological aging

A

Greater than average declines in aging

43
Q

Successful aging

A

Positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development maintained longer

44
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

Debate about primary influence between biological inheritance vs. environmental experiences

45
Q

Stability-change issue

A

Debate about whether and to what degree we become older renditions of our earlier selves or develop into someone different from who we were

46
Q

Continuity-discontinuity issue

A

Debate that focuses on development as gradual, continual change vs. distinct changes

47
Q

Scientific method

A

1) conceptualize a process or problem
2) collect data
3) analyze data
4) draw conclusions

48
Q

Theory

A

An interrelated coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena and make predictions

49
Q

Hypotheses

A

Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine accuracy

50
Q

Psychoanalytic theories

A

Development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion; behavior is surface characteristic to be understood through analyzing symbolic workings of the mind. Emphasis on early experiences with parents

51
Q

Freud’s theory

A

Psychosexual development in stages

52
Q

Erikson’s theory

A

Proposes 8 psychosocial stages of tasks with crises that must be resolved

Trust vs. mistrust,
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. identity confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair

53
Q

Cognitive theories

A

Emphasis on conscious thought

54
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

4 stages of cognitive development to construct understanding of the world

Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7-11)
Formal operational (11+)

55
Q

Vygotsky’s theory

A

Sociocultural cognitive theory emphasizing culture and social interaction guiding development

56
Q

Information-processing theory

A

Emphasizing that individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize about information (memory and thinking are central)

57
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence (Skinner)

58
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

View that behavior, environment, and cognition key factors in development (Bandura)

59
Q

Observational learning

A

Imitation/modeling; learning that occurs through observing what others do

60
Q

Ethology

A

Behavior strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, characterized by critical/sensitive periods (Lorenz)

61
Q

Imprinting

A

Rapid, innate learning involving attachment to first moving object seen (Lorenz)

62
Q

Ecological theory

A

Environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems:
Microsystem (immediate context),
Mesosystem (relationships between Microsystems),
Exosystem (links between immediate context and ones removed),
Macrosystem (broader culture),
chronosystem (patterning and transition over time)

(Bronfenbrenner)

63
Q

Eclectic theoretical orientation

A

Does not follow any one approach but selects from each theory what is considered best

64
Q

Laboratory

A

Controlled setting from which complex factors of “real world” have been removed

65
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing behavior in real-world settings

66
Q

Standardized test

A

Test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring (allowing comparison)

67
Q

Case study

A

In-depth look at a single individual

68
Q

fMRI

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

69
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalography

70
Q

Descriptive research

A

Aims to observe and record behavior

71
Q

Correlational research

A

Strives to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

72
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Number based on a statistical analysis used to describe degree of association between two variables

73
Q

Experiment

A

Carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors are manipulated while all other factors are held constant

74
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated, influential, experimental factor

75
Q

Dependent variable

A

Factor that can change in an experiment

76
Q

Random assignment

A

Participants assigned to research groups by chance

77
Q

Control group

A

Comparison group that resembles experimental group as closely as possible

78
Q

Cross-sectional approach

A

Research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time

79
Q

Longitudinal approach

A

Research strategy in which individuals are studied over a period of time

80
Q

Cohort effects

A

Characteristics attributable to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation (not actual age)

81
Q

Ethical research

A

Informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, deception

82
Q

Ethnic gloss

A

Use of an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than it is

Human Development (17 decks)

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