Ch. 13 Definitions

Question 1

Moral development

Answer 1

Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong

Question 2

Heteronomous morality

Answer 2

Piaget’s first stage of moral development, occurring at 4-7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people

Question 3

Autonomous morality

Answer 3

Piaget’s second stage of moral development, where children 10+ years become aware that rules and law are created by people; judging an action should also consider intentions and consequences

Question 4

Immanent justice

Answer 4

Belief that if a rule is broken the justice is inherent and immediate

Question 5

Preconventional reasoning

Answer 5

Kohlberg’s lowest level of moral development. Moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments.

Question 6

Heteronomous morality

Answer 6

Kohlberg’s first stage of preconventional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment

Question 7

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Answer 7

Kohlberg’s second stage of preconventional reasoning in which individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same

Question 8

Conventional reasoning

Answer 8

Kohlberg’s second/intermediate level of moral development; individuals abide by standards of others (parents, laws or society)

Question 9

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Answer 9

Kohlberg’s third stage (within conventional level) in which individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments

Question 10

Social systems morality

Answer 10

Kohlberg’s fourth stage (second conventional) in which moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty

Question 11

Postconventional reasoning

Answer 11

Kohlberg’s highest level of moral development; individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and decide on a personal moral code

Question 12

Social contract or utility and individual rights

Answer 12

Kohlberg’s fifth stage (first postconventional) in which individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law

Question 13

Universal ethical principles

Answer 13

Kohlberg’s sixth and highest stage (second postconventional) in which individuals have established a moral standard based on universal human rights

Question 14

Justice perspective

Answer 14

A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions

Question 15

Care perspective

Answer 15

Views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others (Carol Gilligan)

Question 16

Social cognitive theory of morality

Answer 16

Theory that distinguishes between moral competence (moral behaviors) and moral performance (expressing those behaviors in specific situations)

Question 17

Ego ideal

Answer 17

Component of the superego that rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts according to the ideal standards approved by the parents

Question 18

Conscience

Answer 18

Component of the superego that punishes the child for behaviors disapproved of by parents by making the child feel guilty and worthless

Question 19

Empathy

Answer 19

Reacting to another’s feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other’s feelings

Question 20

Sympathy

Answer 20

Emotional response to another person in which the observer feels sad or concerned about the person’s well-being

Question 21

Moral identity

Answer 21

Aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives

Question 22

Moral exemplars

Answer 22

People who have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment

Question 23

Social domain theory

Answer 23

Identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These arise from children’s and adolescent’s attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

Question 24

Social conventional reasoning

Answer 24

Focuses on conventional rules established by social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues

Question 25

Hidden curriculum

Answer 25

Pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school

Question 26

Character education

Answer 26

Direct moral education program in which students are taught moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior

Question 27

Values clarification

Answer 27

Moral education program in which students are helped to clarify their purpose in life and decide what is worth working for. Students are encouraged to define their own values and understand others’ values.

Question 28

Cognitive moral education

Answer 28

Moral education program based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops (generally have Kohlberg’s theory as basis)

Question 29

Service learning

Answer 29

Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community

Question 30

Altruism

Answer 30

Unselfish interest and voluntary effort in helping another person

Question 31

Forgiveness

Answer 31

Aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injured from possible behavioral retaliation

Question 32

Gratitude

Answer 32

Feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone’s doing something kind or helpful

Question 33

Conduct disorder

Answer 33

Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society’s norms, and the personal or property rights of others

Question 34

Juvenile delinquency

Answer 34

Actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in illegal behavior

Question 35

Values

Answer 35

Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be

Question 36

Religion

Answer 36

An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, higher truth)

Question 37

Religiousness

Answer 37

Degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers

Question 38

Spirituality

Answer 38

Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society

Question 39

Meaning-making coping

Answer 39

Drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in times of high levels of stress such as when a loved one dies