Ch. 15 Definitions Flashcards
Peers
Individuals who share the same age or maturity level
Popular children
Frequently nominated as best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
Average children
Receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
Neglected children
Infrequently nominated as best friend but not disliked by peers
Rejected children
Infrequently nominated as best friend and actively disliked by peers
Controversial children
Frequently nominated both as best friend and also disliked by peers
Cliques
Small groups ranging from 2-12 individuals and average about 5/6. Usually same age and sex and engage in similar activities
Crowds
Larger group, usually based on reputation/activities and may not spend much time together
Intimacy in friendship
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
Play
Pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake
Play therapy
Therapy that lets children work off frustrations while therapists analyze their conflicts and coping methods
Sensorimotor play
Behavior in which infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes
Practice play
Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
Pretense/symbolic play
Play that occurs when a child transforms aspects of the physical environment into symbols
Social play
Play that involves interaction with peers
Constructive play
Combination of sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation
Games
Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and include rules
Leisure
Pleasant times when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing
Disengagement theory
To cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society (not supported by research)
Activity theory
The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
Ageism
Prejudice against people because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults
Culture
Behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
Cross-cultural studies
Studies that compare aspects of two or more cultures to provide information about the degree to which development is similar or universal across the cultures or is instead culture-specific
Ethnicentrism
Tendency to consider one’s own group superior to other groups
Individualism
Giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; emphasizing values that serve the self, such as feeling good, obtaining personal distinction through achievement, and preserving independence
Collectivism
Emphasizing values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, supporting interdependence of members, and promoting harmonious relationships
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Feminization of poverty
Far more women than men live in poverty; women’s lower income, divorce, infrequent awarding of alimony, and poorly enforced child support by fathers usually leave women with less money than they and their children need to adequately function
