Ch. 15 Definitions

Question 1

Peers

Answer 1

Individuals who share the same age or maturity level

Question 2

Popular children

Answer 2

Frequently nominated as best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

Question 3

Average children

Answer 3

Receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

Question 4

Neglected children

Answer 4

Infrequently nominated as best friend but not disliked by peers

Question 5

Rejected children

Answer 5

Infrequently nominated as best friend and actively disliked by peers

Question 6

Controversial children

Answer 6

Frequently nominated both as best friend and also disliked by peers

Question 7

Cliques

Answer 7

Small groups ranging from 2-12 individuals and average about 5/6. Usually same age and sex and engage in similar activities

Question 8

Crowds

Answer 8

Larger group, usually based on reputation/activities and may not spend much time together

Question 9

Intimacy in friendship

Answer 9

Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts

Question 10

Play

Answer 10

Pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake

Question 11

Play therapy

Answer 11

Therapy that lets children work off frustrations while therapists analyze their conflicts and coping methods

Question 12

Sensorimotor play

Answer 12

Behavior in which infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes

Question 13

Practice play

Answer 13

Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

Question 14

Pretense/symbolic play

Answer 14

Play that occurs when a child transforms aspects of the physical environment into symbols

Question 15

Social play

Answer 15

Play that involves interaction with peers

Question 16

Constructive play

Answer 16

Combination of sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation

Question 17

Games

Answer 17

Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and include rules

Question 18

Leisure

Answer 18

Pleasant times when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing

Question 19

Disengagement theory

Answer 19

To cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society (not supported by research)

Question 20

Activity theory

Answer 20

The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives

Question 21

Ageism

Answer 21

Prejudice against people because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults

Question 22

Culture

Answer 22

Behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

Question 23

Cross-cultural studies

Answer 23

Studies that compare aspects of two or more cultures to provide information about the degree to which development is similar or universal across the cultures or is instead culture-specific

Question 24

Ethnicentrism

Answer 24

Tendency to consider one’s own group superior to other groups

Question 25

Individualism

Answer 25

Giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; emphasizing values that serve the self, such as feeling good, obtaining personal distinction through achievement, and preserving independence

Question 26

Collectivism

Answer 26

Emphasizing values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, supporting interdependence of members, and promoting harmonious relationships

Question 27

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 27

Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

Question 28

Feminization of poverty

Answer 28

Far more women than men live in poverty; women’s lower income, divorce, infrequent awarding of alimony, and poorly enforced child support by fathers usually leave women with less money than they and their children need to adequately function