Ch 2

Question 1

Enzymes

Answer 1

biological catalysts
usually contains a protein portion (Apoenzyme)
lowers activation energy (energy required to break a bond)
all rxns require enzymes

Question 2

Coenzymes:

Answer 2

non-protein portion that activated the enzyme

Question 3

Cofactor:

Answer 3

an organic coenzyme

Question 4

pH scale:

Answer 4

scale runs 0 to 14, 7 is neutral.
below pH 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline.

Question 5

Carbohydrates:

Answer 5

sugars, starches, and glycogen.
the primary function is as an energy source.

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

a simple sugar that is used to make complex molecules.

Question 7

Disaccharide

Answer 7

two monosaccharides that are chemically bound together.
ex: glucose +fructose = sucrose
glucose + lactose = Lactose
glucose + glucose = maltose

Question 8

Polysaccharides:

Answer 8

many monosaccharides chemically bound together.
ex: glycogen (storage sugar in the liver + skeletal muscle)

Question 9

Lipids

Answer 9

essential to the structure and function of cell membranes; energy storage.
nonpolar subs don’t dissolve in H2O

Question 10

Triglycerides

Answer 10

Simple Lipid
glycerol molecule bounded to 3 fatty acids
ex: saturated fatty acids: have only single bonds between carbons.
unsaturated: fatty acids ahve one or more double bonds between carbons.

Question 11

Phospholipids:

Answer 11

type of complex reflex
polar head nonpolar tail

Question 12

Steroids (lipids)

Answer 12

made from Cholesterol
used for hormone and cell membranes.

Question 13

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 13

A, D, E, K

Question 14

Proteins

Answer 14

approx 1/2 of cells dry weight
used for structure and function

Question 15

Amino Acids

Answer 15

a building block for protein
at least 20 diff amino acids
contains amino and carboxyl group

Question 16

Peptide bond

Answer 16

condensation between carboxyl group and the amino group of adjacent amino acids

Question 16

dehydration synthesis:

Answer 16

removing molecule of H2O to from a chemical covalent bond.

Question 17

Hydrolysis:

Answer 17

adding a molecule of water to a covalent chem bond, to break this chem bond.

Question 18

Polypeptide:

Answer 18

long chains of amino acids boned togather

Question 19

Primary structure:

Answer 19

specific order that the amino acids are arranged, this is determined by genes

Question 20

Secondary structure:

Answer 20

chains of amino acids are connected through “alpha-helix” to from zig zag pattern.

Question 21

Tertiary Structure:

Answer 21

3-dimensional shape that the finished polypeptide takes

Question 22

Quaternary Structure:

Answer 22

when 2 or more polypeptides are drawn together to forn the finished protein.

Question 23

Denaturation:

Answer 23

any alteration in the secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures.
(Loses its shape loses ability to communicate)