Ch 13 Nervous + Psych Disorders Flashcards
nervous system functions
stores and processes info, stimulates movement, and detects change
pertains to function
physiologic
pertains to mind
psychologic
physi/o
nature
receptors that detect changes that occur in the outside environment and other receptors monitor changes within the body
sensory or afferent receptors
signals from the brain to muscles and glands to cause an effect
motor or efferent signals
conscious or voluntary control
somatic nervous system
involuntary or automatic body functions
autonomic nervous system
aut/o
self
CNS (central nervous system) includes
brain and spinal cord + somatic and autonomic nervous system
PNS (peripheral nervous system) includes
cranial and spinal nerves (afferent and efferent nerves)
2 types of cells comprising the nervous system
neurons and glial cells
cells that conduct impulses either to or from the nervous system
neurons
transmit impulses to the cell body
dendrites
carries impulses away from the cell body
axon
white fatty covering the axon
myelin sheath
outermost layer of the axon
neurilemma
neur/o
nerve
muscul/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord
cells that provide special support and protection
glial/neuroglia
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o, encephal/o
brain
cervic/o
neck
coccyg/o
coccyx
crani/o
cranium
dendr/o
tree
dur/o
dura mater
gli/o
neuroglia or a sticky substance
lumb/o
lower back
mening/o
meninges
ment/o, psych/o
mind
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
nerv/o, neur/o
nerve
phren/o
mind or diaphragm
physi/o
nature
sacr/o
sacrum
spin/o
spine
thorac/o
thorax
additional protection for brain and spinal cord
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
blood-brain barrier
prevents or slows passage of chemical compounds, toxins, pathogens, microorganisms,s, and some drugs
principal structures of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem,
diencephalon includes which two structures of the brain
thalamus, hypothalamus
brainstem includes which 3 structures
midbrain, pons, medulla oblangata
which lobes are associated with personality, behavior, emotion, and intellectual functions
frontal lobes
which lobes are associated with hearing, smell
temporal lobes
associated with vision
occipital lobes
associated with language and general function of sensation
parietal lobes
special sense organs
eyes, ears, skin, mouth, nose
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
largest nerve in the body
sciatic nerve
first indication of a decline in CNS function
change in LOC
recording and analysis of the electrical activity of the brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
helpful in diagnosing brain tumors or head injuries
CT
blood accumulates in the epidural space, the space outside the dura mater
epidural hematoma
accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater
subdural hematoma
bleeding within the brain
intracerebral hematoma
vascul/o
vessel
normal blood supply to the brain is disrupted; results in insufficient oxygen to the brain tissue and is caused by hemorrhage, occlusion, or constriction of the blood vessels; paralysis, weakness, speech defect, and other complications, as well as death, may occur
CVA, cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
caused by a brief interruption in cerebral blood flow; symptoms often include disturbance of normal vision, dizziness, weakness, and numbness
TIA, transient ischemic attack
accumulation of fluid in the skull
hydrocephalus
localized dilation of the wall of a cerebral artery
cerebral aneurysm
excessive hyperflexion, hyperextension, vertical compressions are all examples of what
spinal injuries
complete of partial loss of muscle movement
akinesia
partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness; results from disease, injury, or administration of an anesthetic
anesthesia
inability or refusal to swallow; characterized by abstention from eating because swallowing is painful
aphagia
abnormal neurological condition in which there is absence or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs
aphasia
abnormal slowness of movement or sluggishness of mental and physical processes
bradykinesia
neoplasm of the intracranial portion of the CNS; may be primary or secondary
brain tumor
headache; cephalgia
cephalalgia
loss of consciousness, either temporary or prolonged, as a result of a blow to the head
cerebral concussion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of head injury
cerebral contusion
result of the rupture of a sclerosed, diseased, or injured blood vessel in the brain
cerebral hemorrhage
a brain disorder characterized by paralysis and lack of muscle coordination; it results from developmental defects in the brain or trauma at birth
cerebral palsy
state of unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused, even by powerful stimulation
coma
paralysis affecting like parts on both sides of the body
diplegia
inability to read, spell, and write words despite the ability to see and recognize letters
dyslexia
difficulty in swallowing, usually associated with obstruction or other disorder of the esophagus
dysphagia
speech impairment caused by a lesion in the brain; characterized by lack of coordination and failure to arrange words properly
dysphasia
preparation, study, and interpretation of an electromyogram, a graphic record of the contraction of a muscle as a result of electrical stimulation
electromyography
inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
hernial protrusion of brain substance through a congenital or traumatic opening of the skull; craniocele
encephalocele
softening of the brain
encephalomalacia
inflammation of the brain and meninges
encephalomeningitis
any disease of the brain
encephalopathy
group of neurologic disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, loss of consciousness, or all of these.
epilepsy
paralysis of one side of the body
hemiplegia
paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of all 4 extremities
quadriplegia
abnormally increased activity or motor function
hyperkinesia
inflammation of the meninges
meningitis
herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or vertebral column
meningocele
chronic CNS disease with progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of the neurons; resulting scar tissue interferes with the normal transmission of nerve impulse
multiple sclerosis
disease characterized by muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue
myasthenia gravis
inflammation of the bone marrow or spinal cord
myelitis
radiographic examination of the spinal cord by injection of a radiopaque medium
myelography
chronic ailment involving sudden attacks of sleep that occur at intervals
narcolepsy
pain along the course of a nerve
neuralgia
inflammation of a nerve
neuritis
any disease of the nerves
neuropathy
a chronic nervous disease characterized by a fine, slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness, rigidity, and often a peculiar gait
Parkinson disease
any functional or organic disorder of the PNS
peripheral neuropathy
acute, infection eruption of vesicles, usually on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve
shingles
pertaining to the mind-body relationship or having physical symptoms of emotional origin
psychosomatic
arachn/o
spider
agora-
open marketplace
pseud/o
false
zo/o
animal
-asthenia
weakness
-esthesia
sensation, perception
-lexia
words, phrases
-orexia
appetite
examples of observable pathologic conditions
neurodevelopmental disorders, dementia, Alzheimer disease
impairments of growth and development of the brain or CNS
neurodevelopmental disorders
progressive mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, and deterioration of intellectual capacity and function
dementia
characterized by progressive mental deterioration, often with confusion, disorientation, restlessness, speech disturbances, and inability to carry out purposeful movement
Alzheimer disease
characterized by withdrawal and impaired developmental in social interaction and communication
autism
characterized by short attention span, poor concentration and in ADHD, hyperactivity
ADD/ADHD
characterized by anticipation of impending danger and dread, the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized
anxiety disorders
response involving both the mind and physical body
psychobiological response
characterized by an acute emotional response after a traumatic event or situation involving severe environmental stress
PTSD
episode of acute anxiety that occurs unpredictably with feelings of intense apprehension or terror, accompanied by dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, trembling, and chest pain
panic attack
altered state of consciousness or confusion of identity; symptoms may include amnesia; usually caused by severe emotional trauma
dissociative disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, feelings, or compulsions sufficiently severe to cause distress, consume considerable time, or interfere with the person’s occupational, and social. or interpersonal function
OCD
persistent thought or idea that occupies the mind and cannot be erased by logic or reasoning
obsession
irresistible, repetitive impulse to act contrary to one’s ordinary standards
compulsion
obsessive, irrational, and intense fears of an object, an activity, or a physical situation
phobias
abnormal fear of public places
agoraphobia
abnormal fear of animals
zoophobia
abnormal fear of acquiring a phobia
phobophobia
morbid fear of spiders
arachnophobia
irrational fear of heights
acrophobia
morbid fear of closed spaces
claustrophobia
abnormal fear of fire
pyrophobia
acro-
extremity (heights)
eating disorder primarily seen in adolescent girls and usually associated with emotional stress or conflict, such as anxiety, irritation, anger, and fear; characterized by prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in wasting, emotional disturbance concerning body image, and fear of becoming obese
anorexia nervosa
characterized by an insatiable desire for food, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating, followed by purging and depression
bulimia
variety of conditions characterized by a disturbance in mood as the main feature
mood disorder
examples of mood disorders
depression, mania, bipolar disorder
abnormal emotional state characterized by exaggerated feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, emptiness, and hopelessness
depression
unstable emotional state that includes excessive excitement, elation, ideas, and psychomotor activities
mania
abnormal mental state in which one believes oneself to be a person of great importance, power, fame, or wealth
megalomania
major mental disorder characterized by the occurrence of manic episodes, major depressive episodes, or mixed moods
bipolar disorder
excessive preoccupation with fire
pyromania
characterized by an abnormal, uncontrollable, and recurrent urge to steal
kleptomania
caused at least in part by psychological factors; sexual dysfunction; sexual perversion/paraphilia
sexual disorders
any group of disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting physical illness of disease, for which there are no demonstratable organic causes or physiologic dysfunctions
somatoform disorders
somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder (IAD)
hypochondriasis
nervous disorder characterized by weakness and sometimes nervous exhaustion; often associated with a depressed state and is believed by some to be psychosomatic
neurasthenia
emotional states that influence the physical body’s functioning
psychosomatic disorders
false or pretended mental disorder
pseudomania
any major mental disorder characterized by a gross impairment in reality testing in which the individual incorrectly evaluates the accuracy of thoughts or perceptions and makes incorrect inferences, even in the face of contrary evidence
psychosis
characterized by gross distortion of reality, hallucinations, disturbances of language and communication, and disorganized or catatonic behavior
schizophrenia
acting against the rights of others
antisocial behavior
characterized by persistent delusions of persecution, mistrust, and combativeness
paranoia
