CH 13 Judgement, Decisions, And Reasoning Flashcards
Illusory correlation.
A correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be.
Stereotypes
An oversimplified generalizations about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics.
Representative heuristic
The probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B.
Base rate
The relative proportions of different classes in a population. Failure to consider base rates can often lead to errors in reasoning.
Conjunctive rule
The probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituent.
Law of large numbers
The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population.
My side bias
Type of confirmation bias in which people generated and test hypotheses in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it.
Backfire effect
Occurs when individuals support for a particular viewpoint becomes stronger when faced with corrective facts opposing their viewpoint.
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning that involves syllogism in which a conclusion logically follows from premises.
Availability heuristic
Events that are most easily remembered are judged to be more probable than events that are less easily remembered.
Back fire event
Occurs when individuals support for a particular viewpoint becomes stronger when faced with corrective facts opposing their viewpoint.
Belief bias
Tendency to think a syllogism is valid if it’s conclusion is believable or that it is invalid if the conclusion is not believable.
Categorical syllogism
A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statement that begin with all, no, or some.
Conditional syllogism
Syllogism with two premises and conclusion, like a categorical syllogism, but whose first premises is an “if…then” statement.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to selectively look for information. That conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it.
Conjunctive tule
The probability of the conjunction of two events (such as feminist and bank teller) cannot be higher then a single constituent m.
Decisión
Making choices between alternatives.
Dual system approach
The idea that there are two mental systems, one fast and the other slower, that have different capabilities and serve different functions.
Expected emotions
Emotions that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular outcome of a decision.
Expected utility theory
The idea that people are basically rational, so if they have all the relevant information they will make a decision that results in the most beneficial result.
Falsification principle
The reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify or the rule.
Framing effect
Decisions are influenced by how the choice are stated.
Framing effect
Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated.
Illusory correlation.
A correlation that appears to exist between two events, and when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be.
Incidental emotions
In a decision-making situation, emotions not directly caused by the act of having to make a decision. They can be related to the general dispositions of that person, such as mood, hangry etc
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true rather than definitely true, ie conclusions from deduction.
Judgement
Making a decision or drawing a conclusion.
Law of large numbers
The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population.
Mental model
A specific situation that is represented in a persons mind.
Mental model approach
In deductive reasoning, determining if syllogism are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism.
My side bias
Type of confirmation bias in which people generated and test hypothesis in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes.
Neuróeconomics
An approach of studying decision making that combines research from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics.
Opt-in procedure
Procedure in which a person must take active steps to choose a course of action-for example choosing to be an organ donor.
Opt-out procedure
Procedure in which a person must take active step to avoid a course of action-choosing not to do something’s
Permissions schema
A pragmatic reasoning schema that states that if a person satisfies conditions A, then they carry action B, the permission schema has been used to explain the results of the season four-card problem.
Premises
The first two statements in a syllogism. The third statement is the conclusion.
Reasoning
Cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information.
Representative heuristic
The probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B.
Risk aversion
The tendency to make decisions that avoid risk.
Risk aversion strategy
A decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains:
Risk taking strategy
A decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses.
Status qua bias
Tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision.
Stereotype
An oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics.
Syllogism
A series of three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic.
Ultimátum game
A a game in which one side decides to give money and other must except or deny.
Utility
Outcomes that achieve a persons goals; in economics terms, the maximum monetary payoff.
Validity
Quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises.
Was on four card
A conditional reasoning task developed by Wason that involves four cards.
