CH 13 Judgement, Decisions, And Reasoning

Question 1

Illusory correlation.

Answer 1

A correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be.

Question 2

Stereotypes

Answer 2

An oversimplified generalizations about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics.

Question 3

Representative heuristic

Answer 3

The probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B.

Question 4

Base rate

Answer 4

The relative proportions of different classes in a population. Failure to consider base rates can often lead to errors in reasoning.

Question 5

Conjunctive rule

Answer 5

The probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituent.

Question 6

Law of large numbers

Answer 6

The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population.

Question 7

My side bias

Answer 7

Type of confirmation bias in which people generated and test hypotheses in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes.

Question 8

Confirmation bias

Answer 8

The tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it.

Question 9

Backfire effect

Answer 9

Occurs when individuals support for a particular viewpoint becomes stronger when faced with corrective facts opposing their viewpoint.

Question 10

Deductive reasoning

Answer 10

Reasoning that involves syllogism in which a conclusion logically follows from premises.

Question 11

Availability heuristic

Answer 11

Events that are most easily remembered are judged to be more probable than events that are less easily remembered.

Question 12

Back fire event

Answer 12

Occurs when individuals support for a particular viewpoint becomes stronger when faced with corrective facts opposing their viewpoint.

Question 13

Belief bias

Answer 13

Tendency to think a syllogism is valid if it’s conclusion is believable or that it is invalid if the conclusion is not believable.

Question 14

Categorical syllogism

Answer 14

A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statement that begin with all, no, or some.

Question 15

Conditional syllogism

Answer 15

Syllogism with two premises and conclusion, like a categorical syllogism, but whose first premises is an “if…then” statement.

Question 16

Confirmation bias

Answer 16

The tendency to selectively look for information. That conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it.

Question 17

Conjunctive tule

Answer 17

The probability of the conjunction of two events (such as feminist and bank teller) cannot be higher then a single constituent m.

Question 18

Decisión

Answer 18

Making choices between alternatives.

Question 19

Dual system approach

Answer 19

The idea that there are two mental systems, one fast and the other slower, that have different capabilities and serve different functions.

Question 20

Expected emotions

Answer 20

Emotions that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular outcome of a decision.

Question 21

Expected utility theory

Answer 21

The idea that people are basically rational, so if they have all the relevant information they will make a decision that results in the most beneficial result.

Question 22

Falsification principle

Answer 22

The reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify or the rule.

Question 23

Framing effect

Answer 23

Decisions are influenced by how the choice are stated.

Question 24

Framing effect

Answer 24

Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated.

Question 25

Illusory correlation.

Answer 25

A correlation that appears to exist between two events, and when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be.

Question 26

Incidental emotions

Answer 26

In a decision-making situation, emotions not directly caused by the act of having to make a decision. They can be related to the general dispositions of that person, such as mood, hangry etc

Question 27

Inductive reasoning

Answer 27

Reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true rather than definitely true, ie conclusions from deduction.

Question 28

Judgement

Answer 28

Making a decision or drawing a conclusion.

Question 29

Law of large numbers

Answer 29

The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population.

Question 30

Mental model

Answer 30

A specific situation that is represented in a persons mind.

Question 31

Mental model approach

Answer 31

In deductive reasoning, determining if syllogism are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism.

Question 32

My side bias

Answer 32

Type of confirmation bias in which people generated and test hypothesis in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes.

Question 33

Neuróeconomics

Answer 33

An approach of studying decision making that combines research from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics.

Question 34

Opt-in procedure

Answer 34

Procedure in which a person must take active steps to choose a course of action-for example choosing to be an organ donor.

Question 35

Opt-out procedure

Answer 35

Procedure in which a person must take active step to avoid a course of action-choosing not to do something’s

Question 36

Permissions schema

Answer 36

A pragmatic reasoning schema that states that if a person satisfies conditions A, then they carry action B, the permission schema has been used to explain the results of the season four-card problem.

Question 37

Premises

Answer 37

The first two statements in a syllogism. The third statement is the conclusion.

Question 38

Reasoning

Answer 38

Cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information.

Question 39

Representative heuristic

Answer 39

The probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B.

Question 40

Risk aversion

Answer 40

The tendency to make decisions that avoid risk.

Question 41

Risk aversion strategy

Answer 41

A decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains:

Question 42

Risk taking strategy

Answer 42

A decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses.

Question 43

Status qua bias

Answer 43

Tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision.

Question 44

Stereotype

Answer 44

An oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics.

Question 45

Syllogism

Answer 45

A series of three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic.

Question 46

Ultimátum game

Answer 46

A a game in which one side decides to give money and other must except or deny.

Question 47

Utility

Answer 47

Outcomes that achieve a persons goals; in economics terms, the maximum monetary payoff.

Question 48

Validity

Answer 48

Quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises.

Question 49

Was on four card

Answer 49

A conditional reasoning task developed by Wason that involves four cards.