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AP Environmental Science > Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Advanced tissue culture

A

Bioengineering that can mass produce stuff without using much land.

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2
Q

Agroforestry / Alley cropping

A

Crops and trees are grown together.

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3
Q

Anadromous species

A

Live part of life in freshwater and part in salt water like salmon.

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4
Q

Anemia

A

Caused by lack of iron. Causes fatigue increases infection and increases change of female haemorrhage death. Could be fixed by strains of golden rice.

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5
Q

Aquaculture

A

Raising fish and shellfish for food instead of going out and hunting them.

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6
Q

Biological pest control

A

Introduce pest predators parasites or diseases that is nontoxic. Difficult to implement, slow to catch on, and controls can become pests themselves.

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7
Q

Chimeraplasty

A

Insert a chemical instruction that attaches to a gene and alters it for the desired traits, instead of a foreign gene.

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8
Q

Commercial inorganic fertlizer

A

Active ingredients are usually nitrogen phosphorus and potassium. Can pollute nearby water

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9
Q

Compost

A

When microorganisms break down organic matter in presence of oxygen

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10
Q

Conservation tillage farming

A

Uses special machines that disturb the soil as little as possible while planting crops.

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11
Q

Contour farming

A

Plowing and planting crops in rows across the slope of the land rather than up and down. Rows hold soil and slow water runoff.

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12
Q

Crop rotation

A

Add nutrient depleting crops, then plant legumes that add nitrogen to the soil. Also reduces erosion by keeping soil covered with vegetation.

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13
Q

Cultivation practices

A

Rotate the crops, adjusting planting times, and growing crops in areas devoid of pests

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14
Q

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

A

Became most used pesticide, subject Silent Spring, causes bird egg shell destruction, and began pest control revolution with its discovery in 1939 by Paul Muller.

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15
Q

Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

A

Supposed to assess health risks of pesticides, but has failed to do so. EPA doesnt have enough money to do so

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16
Q

Feedlots / Animal Factories

A

Dense areas in large buildings that use a lot of energy and water and produce a lot of waste that can pollute many areas.

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17
Q

First green revolution

A

Large increase in global food production between 1950 and 1970, use monocultures then produce a lot of fertilizer pesticides and water, then increase number if crops per year.

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18
Q

Pastures / Rangelands

A

Produce meat, 16% of global food supply

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19
Q

Persistence

A

Length of time pesticides remain deadly in the environment.

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20
Q

Pheromones

A

Sex attractants that lure pests into traps and attract predators into crop fields

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21
Q

Plantation agriculture

A

Used in tropical developing countries, grows cash crops like bananas, soybeans, sugarcane, cocoa, peanuts, vegetables, and coffee on monoculture plantations that decrease biodiversity.

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22
Q

Polyvarietal cultivation

A

Plot with many genetic varieties of the same crop.

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23
Q

Pyrethrum

A

Natural pesticide obtained from the head of chrysanthemum flowers.

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24
Q

Rachel Carson

A

Biologist that warned against pesticide use especially DDT because of effect on birds.

25
Q

Rill erosion

A

Fast flowing little rivers make small channels in the soil.

26
Q

Rodenticide

A

Rat and mouse killer

27
Q

Rotenone

A

Natural pesticide extracted from the roots of tropical forest legumes.

28
Q

Salinization

A

When irrigation water in dry climates leads to the accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers. Stunts crop growth lowers crop yields kills plants and ruins the land.

29
Q

Second green revolution.

A

1967 -1985, fast growing rice and wheat made by Norman Bourlag produced more food on less land.

30
Q

First generation pesticides

A

Natural chemicals borrowed from plants that had been defending themselves against insects eating and herbivores grazing.

31
Q

Fish farming

A

cultivating fish in a controlled environment and harvesting them when they reach the desired size

32
Q

Fish ranching

A

Holding anadromous fish that are released and adults are harvested.

33
Q

Food factory systems

A

Cell factories that produce food independent of weather conditions and reduce long distance shipping costs.

34
Q

Food Quality Protection Act

A

Requires EPA to reduce allowed levels of pesticide residues on food when there is inadequate information on the harmful effects on children.

35
Q

Fungicides

A

Fungus killers

36
Q

Gene revolution / third green revolution

A

Used genetic engineering to develop genetically improved strains of crops and livestock animals.

37
Q

Gully erosion

A

Like severe rill erosion. Happens on steep slopes where most vegetation is removed

38
Q

Herbicides

A

Weed and plant killer

39
Q

industrialized agriculture / High-input agriculture

A

Uses large amounts of fossil fuels, water, fertilizers, and pesticides to produce monocultures and livestock animals for sale.

40
Q

Integrated pest management

A

Each crop and pest are part of an ecological system. Farmers combine cultivation, biological, and chemical approaches at different times.

41
Q

Intercropping

A

Two or more crops are grown at the same time.

42
Q

Iodine

A

Required for proper thyroid gland function, found in seafood and crops in iodine rich soil, and lack of causes goiter.

43
Q

Iron

A

Component of hemoglobin that causes anemia. Transports oxygen in blood.

44
Q

Mad cow disease

A

Destroys the proteins in the brain of cattle, causes animals to become disoriented, and can spread lethally to humans

45
Q

Marginal land

A

Land with poor fertility or steep slopes

46
Q

Microlivestock

A

Edible insect species that are sources of protein vitamins and minerals.

47
Q

Natural enemies

A

Predators that control the populations of pests

48
Q

Ocean fisheries / aquaculture

A

Supply 7% of world’s food, through fish

49
Q

Croplands

A

Produce mostly grains, 77% of world’s food

50
Q

Second generation pesticides

A

Began with DDT, all other pesticides are slight alterations in molecules of various chemicals

51
Q

Sheet erosion

A

Surface wind or water perl off thin layers of soil, so is not noticeable for years until topsoil is all gone.

52
Q

Windbreaks / shelterbelts

A

Trees around crops to reduce wind erosion, retain soil moisture, supplt fuelwood, increase crop productivity, and provide new habitats.

53
Q

Strip cropping

A

Planting alternating strips of a crop and another crop that covers the soil, other crop catches and reduces water runoff

54
Q

Silverleaf whitefly

A

Established in Florida, has short generation time few predators attacks many plants and resistant to many pesticides.

55
Q

Terracing

A

Convert steeply sloped land into terraces that run along its contours.

56
Q

Traditional intensive agriculture

A

Farmers increase their inputs of labor to produce enough food to feed their families and sell.

57
Q

Traditional subsistence agriculture

A

Uses human labor and draft animals to produce enough food for the family’s survival.

58
Q

Waterlogging

A

Irrigation water rises above the water table and saline water reaches the plants, lowering their productivity.

59
Q

Winged bean

A

Fast growing plant that is a good source of protein and had mnay edible parts. It also needs little fertlizer.

AP Environmental Science (17 decks)

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