ch 10 cognition; thinking and language notes

Question 1

grouping/categorizing similar objects/events/people

Answer 1

concepts

Question 2

a typical common object or the best example of something

Answer 2

prototype

Question 3

a rule that guarantees a solution

Answer 3

algorithms

Question 4

logical, formal, slower

Answer 4

algorithms

Question 5

sudden realization of a solution

Answer 5

insight

Question 6

solving complex problems by splitting the original problem into smaller and more manageable tasks

Answer 6

subgoaling

Question 7

______ think more creatively about their field than _______

Answer 7

experts, novices

Question 8

_______ on a problem an yield creative answers

Answer 8

sleeping

Question 9

math problems, multiple choice questions (what kind of thinking)

Answer 9

convergent

Question 10

ways to use a blanket, being more creative (what kind of thinking)

Answer 10

divergent

Question 11

practical methods of problem solving (shortcuts)

Answer 11

heuristics

Question 12

judging a situation based on ideas that first come to mind

Answer 12

availability heuristic

Question 13

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototype in mind

Answer 13

representative heuristics

Question 14

representative heuristics lead to ________

Answer 14

rigid schemas

Question 15

overestimating how accurate we are, too much faith in our own opinion

Answer 15

overconfidence bias

Question 16

illogical conclusion to confirm the belief

Answer 16

belief/confirmation bias

Question 17

cling to a belief even after evidence contradicts

Answer 17

belief perseverance

Question 18

the presentation of problem leads to expectation

Answer 18

framing

Question 19

inability to see a new use for an object

Answer 19

functional fixedness

Question 20

tendency to jump to conclusions by thinking of an improbable, but scary solution

Answer 20

anchoring bias

Question 21

tendency to rely on readily and easily obtained information

Answer 21

availability bias

Question 22

availability bias and anchoring bias are both examples of _______ heuristics

Answer 22

availability

Question 23

make decisions based on what allows people to feel good about themselves

Answer 23

self serving bias

Question 24

a person is reluctant to abandon a strategy because they have invested heavily in it

Answer 24

sunk cost fallacy

Question 25

a belief that a random event is either more or less likely to happen based on the results from a previous series of events

Answer 25

gamblers fallacy

Question 26

smallest units of sound used in language

Answer 26

phonemes

Question 27

smallest unit of meaningful sound

Answer 27

morphemes

Question 28

vowel sounds

Answer 28

phonemes

Question 29

pre, ly, Ed, a+but

Answer 29

morphemes

Question 30

organize sentences

Answer 30

syntax

Question 31

store info

Answer 31

semantics

Question 32

knowing when to use certain kinds of language in social situations

Answer 32

pragmatics