Cervical Endocrinology, Pulmonary and Gastroenterology

Question 1

Thyroglossal duct cysts

Answer 1

Cysts along thyroglossal duct as thyroid descends inferiorly in development.
Can cause issues with hyoid and swallowing.

Question 2

Pyrimidal lobe of thyroid

Answer 2

Approx 50% of people have a pyrimidal lobe of the thyroid and may extend into the hyoid or thyroid isthmus.

Question 3

Thyroid ima artery

Answer 3

Approx 10% of people have an unpaired thyroid ima a. from brachiocephalic trunk, aorta or common carotid a. and travel to thyroid.
Site of potential bleeding during tracheostomy or cricothyrotomy.

Question 4

Pharyngotympanic tube allows communication between:

Answer 4

Nasopharynx and middle ear

Question 5

What is a cricothyrotomy?

Answer 5

An emergent procedure to get air into chest when pt can’t be intubated.

Question 6

Where is a tracheostomy done?

Answer 6

Between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

Question 7

Growth of larynx

Answer 7

Grows steadily until age 3. At puberty, testosterone causes male laryngeal cartilage to enlarge. Typically ossifies at 65 and can be seen on XR.

Question 8

What are the fauces?

Answer 8

Passage way from oral cavity to oropharynx

Question 9

What nerves can branchial cysts affect?

Answer 9

CN IX
CN XI
CN XII

Question 10

Branchial fistula

Answer 10

Abnormal patency of remnants of 2nd pharyngeal pouch and 2nd pharyngeal groove that results in a canal between tonsils and neck.

Question 11

Deglutination steps (3)

Answer 11

1: voluntary compression of bolus against soft palate from mouth to oropharynx.
2: involuntary sealing of nasopharynx from oropharynx while suprahyoid and anterior longitudinal ms. elevate larynx.
3: involuntary sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor ms. to force bolus into esophagus.