Cervical Cancer Flashcards
What does CIN stand for?
Central Intraepithelial Neoplasia
What is the yearly incidence of cervical cancer?
13,000
What is the mortality rate of cervical cancer?
4000 per year
What percentage of women with cervical cancer are under 30 y/o?
15%
What are 80-90% of cervical cancers caused by?
HPV infection
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer (in order of importance)?
1) HPV
2) Family history
3) Smoking
4) Douching
Why is family history a risk factor?
Perhaps due to amount of mucous secreted that covers the cervix (not due to genetic cancer-causing mutations)
Why is douching a risk factor?
It removes mucous that covers and protects the surface of the cervix
What two proteins are made by HPV that get rid of p53 and Rb?
E6 and E7
Why has incidence of HPV decreased?
HPV vaccination
What is the #1 reason for the 50% drop in mortality rate of cervical cancer?
PAP smears (good at IDing early stage cervical cancer)
Cells growing too fast
hyperplasia
Abnormal cells
dysplasia
How are PAP smears read?
Pathologists look for hyperplasia and dysplasia (dysplasia is hard to determine)
What are the surgical options for cervical cancer?
1) Hysterectomy: remove uterus and cervix
2) Conization: take a cone of cells from the cervix
3) LEEP: cauterizing loop that scrapes the cervix
4) Cryosurgery for benign lesions: if hyperplasia or dysplasia is found on a PAP smear.
Which surgical procedure is used if hyperplasia or dysplasia is found on benign lesions?
Cryosurgery
What is the surgical procedure that uses a cauterizing loop to scrape the cervix?
LEEP
Which surgical procedure takes a cone of cells from the cervix?
Conization
What does LSIL stand for?
Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
What does HSIL stand for?
High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
What are the four types of progressive cell changes?
1) Normal
2) LSIL (Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions)
3) HSIL (High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions)
4) Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer that is local and <3mm; survival rate?
Stage IA; 90%
Cervical cancer that is local, less than 4 cm, and bulky; survival rate?
Stage 1B; 80%
Cervical cancer that is local, but has spread outside of the cervix into the vagina. Survival rate?
Stage 2A: 63%
Cervical cancer that is local, but has spread outside of the cervix into the parametrium; survival rate?
Stage 2B; 60%
Cervical cancer that has reached the side walls of the pelvis and kidney (no longer local); survival rate?
Stage 3; 30%
Cervical cancer that has spread to the pelvis, bladder, and rectum; survival rate?
Stage 4A; 15%
Cervical cancer that has spread beyond the pelvis; survival rate?
Stage 4B; 0%
What is the survival rate for stage 4B cervical cancer?
0%
