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Lauren > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between projection, commissural, and association fibers?

A

projection: ↑↓ - internal capsule

commissural: ⇆ - corpus callosum, anterior commissure

association: within cerebral hemisphere - primary sensory cortex → secondary sensory cortex

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2
Q

cerebral cortex sensory homunculus

A

medial to lateral:
-LE
-trunk
-UE
-face

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3
Q

cerebral cortex motor homunculus

A

medial to lateral:
-LE
-trunk
-UE
-face

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4
Q

cerebral cortex

A

vast collection of cell bodies (gray matter), axons, and dendrites covering the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

what are the layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

molecular layer
external granular layer
external pyramidal layer
internal granular layer
internal pyramidal layer
multiform layer

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6
Q

molecular layer

A
  • mainly axons and dendrites
  • contains few cells
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7
Q

external granular layer

A

many small pyramidal and stellate cells

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8
Q

external pyramidal layer

A

pyramidal cells - long axons

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9
Q

internal granular layer

A

mainly stellate cells

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10
Q

internal pyramidal layer

A

mainly pyramidal cells

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11
Q

multiform layer

A

mainly fusiform cellsm

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12
Q

most of the cerebral cortex has 6 layers, except

A

olfactory and medial temporal cortices - have 3 layers

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13
Q

flow of cortical information from primary sensory cortex to motor output

A

primary sensory cortex → secondary sensory cortex → association cortex → motor planning areas → primary motor cortex

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14
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

simple sensory discrimination (intensity/quality of stimulus)
- somatosensory
- auditory
- visual
- vestibular

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15
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

location: parietal lobe - within central sulcus/postcentral gyrus

function: discriminates shape, texture, size of objects

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16
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

location: superior temporal lobe

function: conscious discrimination of intensity of sounds (loudness and pitch )

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17
Q

primary visual cortex

A

location: occipital lobe - calcarine sulcus

function: distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, location, and movement of objects

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18
Q

primary vestibular cortex

A

location: parietal lobe - Pareto-insular junction

function: discriminates among head positions and movements relative to gravity

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19
Q

secondary sensory cortex

A

recognition of sensation - analyzes sensory input from thalamus and primary sensory cortex

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20
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex

A

-integrates tactile and proprioceptive info obtained from manipulating an object

-provides stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment

-attention, learning, and memory

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21
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

location: parietal lobe - posterior to secondary somatosensory cortex

function: receives projections from S1, S2, and visual system → highest level of somatosensory processing
- sends outputs to motor system → integrates sensory and motor info, motor planning, and spatial awareness

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22
Q

secondary auditory cortex

A

classifies sounds

contrasts sounds heard from memory and categorizes them

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23
Q

secondary visual cortex

A
  • analyzes color and movements

-output to superior colliculus directs visual fixation, keeping item in central vision

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24
Q

what are the two directions info processed by the secondary visual cortex flow

A

dorsally and ventrally

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25
dorsal stream
- from secondary visual cortex → PCC → frontal lobe function: action stream - adjusts limbs movements
26
ventral stream
from secondary visual cortex → temporal lobe function: perception stream - recognizing object
27
DCML
sensory receptor in periphery → DRG → gracile/cuneate in medulla → thalamus → primary somatosensory cortex
28
Spinothalamic tract
sensory receptor in periphery → DRG → dorsal horn of SC → thalamus → primary AND SECONDARY somatosensory cortex
29
areas of cortex not directly involved with sensation or movement
parietotemporal association cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ventral/medial dorsal prefrontal association cortices
30
Temporoparietal association cortex
- INTELLIGENCE - wernickes area - language comprehension - spatial relationships
31
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
-goal-oriented behavior -executive functions - self-awareness
32
ventral dorsal prefrontal association cortex
**mood and affect** -impulse control, reactions to surroundings
33
medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex
**perceiving others emotions** -impulse control, reactions to surroundings - personality
34
motor cortices
primary motor premotor supplemental motor
35
primary motor cortex
location: pre central gyrus of frontal lobe execution **fractionated movement**
36
lesion to primary motor cortex results in
contralateral weakness/paresis contralateral loss of fractionated movement dysarthria NO SPASTICITY
37
premotor cortex
location: anterior to primary motor cortex (lateral to supplementary cortex) **motor planning** anticipatory postural adjustments
38
lesion to premotor cortex results in
inability to plan movement or have anticipatory postural adjustments - spasticity
39
supplementary motor area
location: anterior to primary motor cortex (medial to premotor cortex) **movement initiation** sequential movements
40
lesion to supplementary motor area results in
acutely: contralateral weakness/paresis chronic: inability to perform anti-phase movements
41
motor perseveration
uncontrolled repetition of movement
42
apraxia/dyspraxia
inability to perform movement sequence despite intact sensation, normal muscle coordination, and understanding the task - lesion to premotor cortex, supplementary motor areal or inferior parietal lobe
43
what are the 4 types of apraxia
constructional ideational ideomotor gait apraxia
44
contructional apraxia
interferes with ability to comprehend the relationship pf parts to the whole - difficulty determining how to arrange objects correctly in space
45
ideational apraxia
inability to use objects appropriately, especially when sequence is necessary
46
ideomotor apraxia
**classic apraxia** inability to develop movement sequence, especially to command or mimic activity
47
gait apraxia
"magnetic gait" abnormal gait characterized by slow, shuffling steps where feet barely lift from ground, making it difficult to initiate walking
48
astereognosis
inability to identify objects by touch/manipulation but with an intact discriminative somatosensation → can feel object, but cannot recognize it
49
visual agnosia
inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision - disorder of ventral visual stream
50
prospoagnosia
inability to visually identify peoples faces - damage to inferior secondary visual cortex
51
auditory agnosia
can hear sounds, but cannot recognize sounds
52
lesion to L secondary auditory cortex →
unable to UNDERSTAND speech
53
lesion t o R secondary auditory cortex →
inability to interpret environmental sounds - cannot differentiate between fire alarm and door bell
54
anosagnosia
inability to recognize deficits - lesion to R anterior ínsula
55
homonymous hemisanopsia
lesion of optic tract → loss of info from contralateral visual field R lesion → loss of L temporal and R nasal vision
56
optic ataxia
inability to use visual info to direct movements - intact ability to visually identify objects - damage to dorsal visual stream
57
hemineglect
inability to attend to objects, or even their own body, in portion of space, despite intact visual acuity, somatic sensation, motor ability - 1 side their body/world does not exist - lesion to R PPC
58
what is the difference between hemineglect and pusher syndrome
neglect: R lesion → L neglect → R shift -push to contralateral side pusher syndrome: R lesion → L impaired → L shift - push to ipsilateral side
59
what are the 4 A's for cerebral cortex disorders
aphasia apraxia agnosia astereognosis
60
epilepsy
sudden burst of excessive cortical neuronal discharge (electrical activity) interfering with brain function
61
general versus partial seizures
general: affected ENTIRE cortex partial: affect RESTRICTED area of cortex
62
absence seizures
brief loss of consciousness without motor manifestations
63
tonic-clonic seizures
start with tonic contraction of skeletal muscles followed by alternating contraction/relaxation of muscles
64
functional neurological disorders
- disorder of communication across and range of brain networks - conditions where people experience real neurological symptoms (like weakness, tremors, seizures, or sensory changes), but no structural neurological disease explains them. It’s a disruption in nervous system functioning, not damage.
65
Hoover sign
weak hip extension initially, but when then with contralateral sitting hip flexion, hip extensors strong
66
give-way weakness
strong but then abrupt collapse (without pain)
67
whack a mole sign
if you restrain a tremor in a body part, it surfaces in another

Lauren (90 decks)

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