Cells (E1) Flashcards
Infectious disease
Caused by pathogen
idiopathic
don’t know cause
iatrogenic
disease happened from treatment of something else
diagnosis
current, what is present
prognosis
futrue, what will happen, disease progression
sequale
left over from disease, like a scar or something to live with after diseases has run course
sign
something you can see/test/prove (objective)
symptom
patient feels/tells you about (subjective)
epithelial tissue
packed, close together
connective tissue
looser cell packaging
adapted cells
healthy cells with changed behavior, like cells in inflamed tissue suspending themselves until inflammation goes away
atrophy
decrease in cell size
physiologic atrophy
normal and not from a disease, like with fat loss
pathologic atrophy
from a diseased
disuse atrophy
cause my disuse of especially muscle cells
hypertrophy
cells increase in size
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
compensatory hyperplasia
cell number increase based on increased work load, like with the loss of a kidney
hormonal hyperplasia
increase based on hormones
metaplasia
cellular replacement. If done by a less mature cell, is reversible
dsyplasia
abnormal changes in cells
atypical hyperplasia
like with neoplasia in tumor/ cancer cells
what can cause cellular adaptation
changes in workload, blood supply, nutrition, hormones, nervous system stimulation
features of injured cells
severe drop in ATP production, extensive vacuolation (water flows into the cell enmasse) high ca 2+ infiltration, accumulation of oxygen free radicals
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen to cells
anoxia
cells completely starved of oxygen, typically from ischemia
cause of hypoxia
asphyxia injury to tissues that can physically keep blood from flowing or gas from being inhaled
reperfusion injury
tissues deprived of oxygen reflooded with oxygen, causes the rapid buildup of Reactive oxygen species. Can make cells necrotic
free radical damage
atoms switch unpaired electrons, comes from reactive oxygen species like 02-, oh-, h202. Causes oxidative stress
Chemical injury
from poisons like toxic chemical agents (xenobiotics) Ex. Lead CO, ethanol, drugs
infectious or inflammatory injury
from pathogens that harm the host
traumatic injury
could be blunt bruising or sharp that causes penetration and blood loss
what can infiltrate cells during injury
water( vacuolation), lipids (fatty change) carbohydrates( glycogen accumulation) proteins (melanin, hemoproteins) Calcium, uric acid
what can an infiltration of lipids into cells cause
saponification (soap like)
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
dystrophic calcification
tissue is already injured which causes and influx of calcium
metastatic calcfication
abnormality with parathyroid gland, calcium metabolism causes calcification of uninjured tissue
hyperuricemia
infiltration of uric acid into cells, which can lead to gout
autolysis
whole cell lysis
pyknosis
nucleus shrinks and chromosome clump up like going through mitosis
karyolisis
nucleus fragments into pieces
coagulative necrosis
proteins from cells coagulate
liquefactive necrosis
cells liquefy, this is specifically for nervous tissue
caseous necrosis
both coagulative and liquefactive
fat necrosis
saponification, and congealment of fat
gangrenous necrosis
large scale oxygen deprivation
gas gangrene
causes by clostridium perfringes, a bacteria
apoptosis
cellular suicide. Initiates self-destruct program. Nucleus and cytoplasm shrink which causes fragmentation of cells
